How does the brain catch up?

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siri Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Catch Up ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Role of the maternal melatonin circadian rhythm absence in early catch-up growth in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Inna I. Evsyukova ◽  
Eduard K. Ailamazyan
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Genetic Development ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Melatonin Production

The review presents the results of experimental and clinical studies, according to which the absence of circadian melatonin production in pregnant women associated with the pathologies they have (obesity, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, pregnancy complicated by gestosis and chronic placental insufficiency, etc.) disrupts the genetic process of organizing the rhythmic activity of genes of the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus and melatonin production in the pineal gland of the fetus, leading to dysregulation of metabolic processes in the childs body after birth and programming pathology in following life. The significance of this factor in the pathophysiological mechanisms of catch-up growth during the first months of life determines a new approach to assessing the risk of obesity and necessitates learning the consequences of impaired development of the brain and other functional systems in fetuses that are born earlier than the 26th week of pregnancy and are thereby deprived of maternal melatonin, a key signaling molecule that directs and coordinates the genetic development process, during the most critical period of early ontogenesis.

scholarly journals The Concept of Neuro- Linguistic Programming in Improving the Receptive Skills in English

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sunitha ◽  
◽  
A .Catherin Jayanthy ◽  
G. Kalaiyarasan ◽  
N. Annalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
School Students ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Group

From the long years ago, education have been trying a proper way to improving the skills of English. Educators tried several methodologies in English to choose the better one. This paper brings out the effect of teaching Receptive skills by implementing NLP (Neuro- Linguistic Programming) in second language as English. Neuro- Linguistic Programming is one of the methods to catch up the English by giving focus on the brain anatomy. Brain anatomy can motive the creativity as well as the skills of using language. It also exist the role of Neuro Linguistic Programming in teaching the Receptive skills of English, which could make the students to improve the Receptive skills such as listening and reading. The study, in short, affirms that NLP strategies could be quite efficacious in making the students procure the skills that are indispensable in workplaces effortlessly. As it involves teaching a reading comprehension course by NLP concepts and techniques, the approach used in this study is experimental. In addition, the experimental method involves pre-and post-tests conducted before and after the course by the control group (40 students) and the experimental group (40 students). The students of the experimental community are chosen from the secondary school students. After the NLP experimentation, it was revealed from the study that there was a significant difference in the level of the experimental group in pre and post-test.

Non-convulsive brain stimulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 291-310
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Caulfield ◽  
Mark S. George
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Before 1990, neurologists and psychiatrists could not readily image or examine (except at death) their main organ of study, the brain, causing clinical neuroscience to lag behind the rest of medicine. In the past 30 years, new brain-imaging techniques (positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) have allowed neuropsychiatrists to play catch-up, equipped with a more detailed and complex understanding of functional neuroanatomy. Researchers could then theorize about how circuit-based dysfunction might cause psychiatric diseases. In addition to the tools of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and brain surgery, we now have a rapidly expanding therapeutic toolkit of non-invasive brain-stimulation devices. This chapter presents a representative landmark imaging paper from the functional imaging revolution, and four device-based papers (two on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and one each on transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)). These papers broadly cover the path that led to the exciting current and future possibilities for therapeutic non-invasive brain stimulation.

scholarly journals Learning the trajectory of a moving visual target and evolution of its tracking in the monkey

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 2739-2751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Bourrelly ◽  
Julie Quinet ◽  
Patrick Cavanagh ◽  
Laurent Goffart
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Target Image ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Slow Eye Movements ◽  
Pursuit Velocity ◽  
Eye Velocity ◽  
The Brain

An object moving in the visual field triggers a saccade that brings its image onto the fovea. It is followed by a combination of slow eye movements and catch-up saccades that try to keep the target image on the fovea as long as possible. The accuracy of this ability to track the “here-and-now” location of a visual target contrasts with the spatiotemporally distributed nature of its encoding in the brain. We show in six experimentally naive monkeys how this performance is acquired and gradually evolves during successive daily sessions. During the early exposure, the tracking is mostly saltatory, made of relatively large saccades separated by low eye velocity episodes, demonstrating that accurate (here and now) pursuit is not spontaneous and that gaze direction lags behind its location most of the time. Over the sessions, while the pursuit velocity is enhanced, the gaze is more frequently directed toward the current target location as a consequence of a 25% reduction in the number of catch-up saccades and a 37% reduction in size (for the first saccade). This smoothing is observed at several scales: during the course of single trials, across the set of trials within a session, and over successive sessions. We explain the neurophysiological processes responsible for this combined evolution of saccades and pursuit in the absence of stringent training constraints. More generally, our study shows that the oculomotor system can be used to discover the neural mechanisms underlying the ability to synchronize a motor effector with a dynamic external event.

The Vergence System

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Wong
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Retinal Image ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Pupillary Constriction ◽  
System P ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Alcohol And Other Drugs ◽  
The Brain

Vergence eye movements shift the gaze point between near and far, such that the image of a target is maintained simultaneously on both foveae. Unlike other eye movement systems, vergence movements are disjunctive, meaning that the eyes move in opposite directions. To move from a far to a near target, the eyes converge (i.e., rotate toward the nose) so that the lines of sight of the two eyes intersect at the target. To aim at a target farther away, the eyes diverge (i.e., rotate toward the temples). When the target is located at optical infinity, the lines of sight are parallel. During deep sleep, deep anesthesia, and coma, the eyes diverge beyond parallel, indicating that eye alignment is normally actively maintained by the brain because the orbits, in which the eyeballs are located, are divergent. The vergence system is believed to be relatively new evolutionarily. Just as a new version of computer software tends to have bugs, perhaps it is for this reason that vergence is the last of the eye movement systems to reach full development in children, that it is often the first system to be affected by fatigue, alcohol, and other drugs, and that defective vergence is a common cause of strabismus and diplopia. Vergence eye movements are very slow, lasting 1 sec or longer. One reason for this may be that vergence, unlike saccades, is driven by visual feedback, which normally takes at least 80 msec. Another reason may be that the speed of vergence movements is limited by how fast the lenses change shape (accommodation) and how fast the pupils constrict. There may simply be no advantage for vergence to take place quickly and then wait for the lenses and pupils to catch up. The triad of convergence, accommodation, and pupillary constriction constitutes the near triad. The two most important stimuli for vergence are retinal image blur and retinal disparity. If the retinal image of an object is blurred, the target is either too near or too far away.

scholarly journals Don’t Let Your Thoughts Die

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Bikash Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
England Journal ◽  
New England ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
High Frequency Ventilation ◽  
Official Publication ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Literature Searching ◽  
Frequency Ventilation ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Brain

They say that the diagnosis of end of life is by the diagnosis of brain death. And of course, as long as the brain is not dead, we do continue our thoughts. Sometimes, our thoughts are really powerful. These thoughts are meaningless unless we let others know about it. The best way to let our thoughts be known to others is to document it. There goes the importance of publishing our thoughts. And perhaps, this is the most consolidate manner of making ourselves immortal. Recently, during my fellowship in neonatology days in Delhi, I was literature searching for high frequency ventilation in neonates. During this adventure, I reached the website of “The American Journal of Physiology”, the official publication of The American Physiology Society. During this, I was mesmerized by their first publication which was dated January 1898!!! It was really worth noting that this society was established in 1887 and their publication started in 1898! Of course, the New England Journal of Medicine and the Lancet are one of the oldest publication journals dated 1812 and 1823 respectively but it was amazing that the branch of physiology had journals more than a century ago!Yes of course, no doubt, we may be lagging behind our thoughts for even more than a century. This has no limitation for us to catch up and head towards the future. It is never too late, unless we do not start it. Let’s go ahead and move along with time, sharing our thoughts and trying to keep ourselves and our institution immortal forever.All the best.

Catch-up growth in the rat skull after retardation during the suckling period

Development ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-235
Author(s):  
J. P. G. Williams ◽  
P. C. R. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Skull Measurements ◽  
The Face ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Subsequent Rehabilitation

In rats whose growth was restricted by rearing in large litters the skull was less affected than the spine and the brain case less than the face. No sex difference was apparent during undernutrition but on subsequent rehabilitation females had caught up to controls in four out of five skull measurements within 4 weeks and by the end of the experiment the skulls of the neonatally undernourished females were the sams size and shape as the controls. In the case of males, however, the skull of the undernourished rats never attained the same width as the controls.

scholarly journals Catch me if you can: Least myelinated white matter develops fastest during early infancy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareike Grotheer ◽  
Mona Rosenke ◽  
Hua Wu ◽  
Holly Kular ◽  
Francesca R. Querdasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Quantitative Mri ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
Longitudinal Diffusion ◽  
Neural Communication ◽  
White Matter Development ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Brain

Development of myelin, a fatty sheath that insulates nerve fibers, is critical for brain function. Myelination during infancy has been studied in postmortem histology, but such data cannot evaluate the developmental trajectory of the white matter bundles of the brain. To address this gap in knowledge, we (i) obtained longitudinal diffusion MRI measures and quantitative MRI measures of T1, which is sensitive to myelin, from newborns to 6-months-old infants, and (ii) developed an automated fiber quantification method that identifies bundles from dMRI and quantifies their T1 development in infants. Here we show that both along the length of each bundle and across bundles, T1 decreases from newborns to 6 months-old’s and the rate of T1 decrease is inversely correlated with T1 at birth. As lower T1 indicates more myelin, these data suggest that in early infancy white matter bundles myelinate at different rates such that less mature bundles at birth develop faster to catch-up with the other bundles. We hypothesize that this development reflects experience-dependent myelination, which may promote efficient and coordinated neural communication. These findings open new avenues to measure typical and atypical white matter development in early infancy, which has important implications for early identification of neurodevelopmental disorders.

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