Decision making about uncertain environmental risks with ethical implications

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine V. Kortenkamp ◽  
Colleen F. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Ethical Implications

Marketing and Ethics

2010 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Fritz Jacki ◽  
Jenny Mead ◽  
Jenny Mead ◽  
R. Edward Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Marketing Tactics ◽  
Ethical Implications

Marketing tactics such as pricing, promotion, placement, and product decisions all help business owners create a need for their products or services. What managers seldom realize, however, is that the marketing decisions they make primarily to increase sales and market share have a great impact on society at large and thus have significant ethical implications. These seven caselets, which cover a variety of topics (including “the article of the half-truth,” “creative interview tactics,” and “truthfully representing your company”), explore the ethical implications of decision making in the marketing arena.

Decision-Making Ethics with Regard to Life-Sustaining Interventions: Summoning what other Patients Chose

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 169-169
Author(s):  
Anca Sterie ◽  
◽  
Eve Rubli Truchard ◽  
Ralf J. Jox ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Ethics Education ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Futile Care ◽  
Healthcare Communication

"Health decisions occur in a rich context in which social influences are omnipresent. The tendency to compare oneself with others has been described as one of the critical social factors influencing decision making. Based on a collection of 43 audio-recordings of hospital admission encounters which were analyzed though a conversation analytic methodology, we present findings and reflections in regard to how patients and physicians discuss cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. The phenomena of interest concerns how and when patients and physicians refer to what other people decide (for example: “Often the patients tell us: No futile care”). This practice is encountered in 6 of the conversations recorded. Reference to other people’s decisions is a way to talk about options, but it does much more than just enumerating them. As a resource in interaction, this reference is employed when the patient can’t or doesn’t express a preference (thereby clarifying options) or when the preference the patient expressed is problematic (because contrary to expectations). By using this reference, decision making is projected as a matter of membership to a group of individuals, and not as a matter of individual prognostic.The ethical implications of referring to other people’s choices are significant, since it can influence the patient and pose a serious threat to autonomous decisions. We argue that findings such as ours, stemming from data-driven studies of healthcare communication, are pivotal for informing ethics education in its effort to address the biases that physicians impose upon patients during decision making. "

Ethics and Social Networking

2019 ◽  
pp. 1893-1923
Author(s):  
Ludwig Christian Schaupp ◽  
Lemuria Carter
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Online Communities ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Ethical Implications

Thanks to recent technological advancements, social networking has seen unprecedented growth. Services such as Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn have evolved from niche communities to active cyber-societies. In addition to an increase in the diffusion of social media, there has also been an increase in the amount and type of information that participants share in these online environments. In this paper, the authors integrate decision making research from three disciplines -marketing, theology and information systems - to explain information disclosure in online communities. They use these disciplines to provide a comprehensive review of existing literature and present innovative recommendations for research and practice. In particular, the authors recommend Potter's Box as a useful framework for evaluating the ethical implications of online information disclosure.

Payments for Participation of Children in Research

2018 ◽  
pp. 244-263
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Diekema
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Parental Decision ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Parental Decision Making ◽  
Participation In Research ◽  
Research Studies ◽  
Current Practices

Providing payment to those who participate is common practice for research studies involving both children and adults. While there may be good reasons for providing payment for research participation, there are also reasons to be concerned about the practice, especially when the subjects are children and the payment has the potential to distort parental decision-making by tempting parents to consider issues other than the welfare of their child. This chapter examines the ethical implications of providing payment to children and their parents for participation in research. After a brief survey of current practices regarding payments to research participants, the chapter will examine the distinct kinds of payments offered to research participants and their parents (Those intended to reimburse expenses and those intended to induce participation), evaluate the ethical considerations relevant to each kind of payment, and make some final recommendations concerning the provision of payments for research involving children.

Evaluating environmental risks of genetically modified crops: ecological harm criteria for regulatory decision-making

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Sanvido ◽  
Jörg Romeis ◽  
Achim Gathmann ◽  
Marco Gielkens ◽  
Alan Raybould ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Regulatory Decision

The Price of Equality: Suboptimal Resource Allocations across Social Categories

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Garcia ◽  
Max H. Bazerman ◽  
Shirli Kopelman ◽  
Avishalom Tor ◽  
Dale T. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Resource Allocations ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Profit Maximizing ◽  
Decision Making Biases

AbstractThis paper explores the influence of social categories on the perceived trade-off between a relatively bad but equal distribution of resources between two parties and a profit maximizing yet unequal one. Studies 1 and 2 showed that people prefer to maximize profits when interacting within their social category, but chose not to maximize individual and joint profits when interacting across social categories. Study 3 demonstrated that outside observers, who were not members of the focal social categories, also were less likely to maximize profits when resources were distributed across social category lines. Study 4 showed that the transaction utility of maximizing profits required greater compensation when resources were distributed across, in contrast to within social categories. We discuss the ethical implications of these decision making biases in the context of organizations.

To Remove or Not to Remove? Dealing with pollution risks from ship wrecks

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 457-477
Author(s):  
Mark Whittington ◽  
Ann Zhang ◽  
David Campion
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Equitable Treatment

Abstract (ID: 2017-155) ABSTRACT The navigational and environmental risks posed by ship wrecks have presented a challenge to governments and the maritime industry for decades. In more recent years a consensus has developed worldwide based on assessing these risks and undertaking measures proportional to the severity of those risks. This approach has been formalised in the Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks 2007. With recent developments in salvage technology and equipment, the options for pollutant removal from wrecks, and the removal of entire wrecks, are becoming viable for scenarios which were previously deemed infeasible. Together with a general heightened environmental concern worldwide about impacts to the marine environment, decision-making on wreck removal and associated pollutants is under the spotlight. Based on ITOPF’s extensive experience providing advice on pollution mitigation and environmental risks posed by wrecks, this paper examines recent issues in the treatment of wrecks. The authors highlight some key concerns regarding the equitable treatment of wrecks and argue that a more rigorous, technically-based decision making process be adopted and promoted to ensure clarity and consistency for all parties.

Ethics of Assisted Autonomy in the Nursing Home: Types of Assisting Among Long-Term Care Nurses

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
June M. Whitler
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Decisional Capacity ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Ethical Implications

Twenty-five long-term care nurses in eight nursing homes in central Kentucky were inter viewed concerning ways in which they might assist elderly residents to preserve and enhance their personal autonomy. Data from the interviews were analysed using grounded theory methodology. Seven specific categories of assisting were discovered and described: personalizing, informing, persuading, shaping instrumental circumstances, considering, mentioning opportunities, and assessing causes of an impaired capacity for decision-making. The ethical implications of these categories of assisting for clinical prac tice are examined. Although nurses recognized the importance of resident autonomy, the majority of them failed consistently to employ the categories of assistance to foster resi dent self-determination and most of them held an inadequate understanding of the con cepts of consent and decisional capacity. To assure confidentiality, pseudonyms are used in the following cases and discussions for all names of nurses, residents and facilities.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT FUZZY AHP METHODOLOGIES IN RISK ASSESSMENT

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrejs Radionovs ◽  
Oleg Uzhga-Rebrov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
Multiple Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Risk Assessment Process ◽  
Risks Assessment ◽  
Hierarchy Process

Being able to evaluate risks is an important task in many areas of human activity: economics, ecology, etc. Usually, environmental risk assessment is carried out on the basis of multiple and sometimes conflicting factors. Using multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology is one of the possible ways to solve the problem. Methodologies of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) are the most commonly used MCDM methods, which combine subjective and personal preferences in risk assessment process. However, AHP involves human subjectivity, which introduces vagueness type of uncertainty and requires the usage of decision making under those uncertainties. In this paper it was considered to deal with uncertainty by using the fuzzy-based techniques. However, nowadays there exist multiple Fuzzy AHP methodologies developed by different authors. In this paper, these Fuzzy AHP methodologies will be compared, and the most appropriate Fuzzy AHP methodology for the application in case of environmental risks assessment will be offered on the basis of this comparison.

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