Empathy Quotient 29-Item--Chilean Version

Abstract We evaluated the psychometric properties of the empathy quotient (EQ) scale translated to Spanish in Chile. We estimated its structural validity, and its construct validity with other convergent measures of empathy and attachment, as well an inversely associated construct such as aggression. We used a general sample of students and community individuals (n = 336). Participants completed the EQ, Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). Another exclusively community group (n = 102) completed Collins Adult Attachment scale and the EQ. CFA and ESEM analyses confirmed the structural model fit of the data to three previously reported dimensions of the EQ: cognitive empathy (CE), emotional reactivity (ER) and social skills (SS). Sex-differences in emotional reactivity, and the predicted relationships with the convergent measures were observed. The current Chilean version of the EQ resulted in an appropriate multidimensional measurement of empathy. Finally, providing a specific social skills dimension extends the traditional conception of cognitive and affective empathy to the social realm in the Chilean context.

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Fetal testosterone and empathy: Evidence from the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test

Social Neuroscience ◽

10.1080/17470910600992239 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 135-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 197

Author(s):

Emma Chapman ◽

Simon Baron-Cohen ◽

Bonnie Auyeung ◽

Rebecca Knickmeyer ◽

Kevin Taylor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Empathy Quotient ◽

The Mind

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Emotional Contagion Modeled Through the Empathy Quotient: an Epidemiological Analogy Towards Social Sustainability

2020 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2) ◽

10.1109/isc251055.2020.9239040 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Filipa Ivars-Silva ◽

Rosaldo J. F. Rossetti

Keyword(s):

Social Sustainability ◽

Emotional Contagion ◽

Empathy Quotient

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AAA screening in adults with ASD: a retrospective cohort study

Advances in Autism ◽

10.1108/aia-10-2020-0059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Marios Adamou ◽

Sarah Louise Jones ◽

Stephanie Wetherhill

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Clinical Setting ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Specialist Service ◽

Content Type ◽

Empathy Quotient ◽

Adults With Asd ◽

Diagnostic Outcome

Purpose The Adult Asperger Assessment (AAA), comprising the Autism Questionnaire, the Empathy Quiotient and the Relatives Questionnaire is a commonly used screening tool designed to identify adults who may benefit from a further clinical assessment for autism spectrum disorder. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the usefulness of this screening measure in a clinical setting. Design/methodology/approach This retrospective cohort study comprised of 192 service users referred for diagnostic assessment of Autism by a specialist service of the National Health Service. The authors evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the AAA by investigating if the Autism Questionnaire, the Empathy Quiotient and the Relatives Questionnaire were able to predict the diagnostic outcome of Autism in a clinical setting. Findings Scores from the Relatives Questionnaire can accurately predict diagnostic outcome. No evidence of accuracy for the Autism Questionnaire or the Empathy Quotient was apparent. Based on the findings, the authors recommend clinicians are cautious when interpreting results of the AAA. Research limitations/implications It should be acknowledged that the results may not be generalisable to whole populations. Also, the authors used the full item versions of the scales; therefore, the findings are most applicable to studies which did similar. Originality/value This study highlights the need for investigation into the lack of validation of commonly used screening measures in autistic populations.

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Assessment of cognitive profile (WISC-IV), autistic symptomatology and pragmatic disorders in high intellectual potential compared with autism spectrum disorder

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.184 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 33 (S1) ◽

pp. S129-S129

Author(s):

A. Boschi ◽

P. Planche ◽

A. Philippe ◽

L. Vaivre-douret

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

High Functioning Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Area Of Interest ◽

Empathy Quotient ◽

Z Scores ◽

Competing Interest ◽

Perceptual Reasoning ◽

Intellectual Potential

IntroductionAn overlap between autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in particular Asperger Syndrome (AS), and high intellectual potential (HIP–Total IQ > 2 SD) is often discussed.ObjectivesExplore differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous Wisc-profiles among HIP children, and between HIP and ASD children, on cognitive and clinical assessments.MethodsForty-nine participants (mean age 11.2 years) were divided in 4 groups: High Functioning Autism (HFA), AS, Homogenous HIP and Heterogeneous HIP. Data of WISC-IV and questionnaires – Autism Quotient (AQ), Empathy Quotient (EQ), Systemizing Quotient (SQ), Children's Communication Checklist (CCC) – were compared.(Preliminary) ResultsOn the WISC-IV, the Z scores curves follow similar trajectories but highlight quantitative differences between AS and heterogeneous HIP: verbal comprehension is the highest index (+1,6 SD in AS; +3,1 SD in heterogeneous HIP) followed by perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed indexes (–1,2 SD in AS; +0,5 SD in heterogeneous HIP), respectively. The questionnaires show that scores of Homogenous HIP children are all in the average. Heterogeneous HIP children score 2,1 SD above average on the AQ (+1,6 SD on “Social Skills” and +1,3 SD on “Local Detail” subscales), whereas ASD children score 4 SD above average on the AQ. In addition, heterogeneous HIP children show pragmatic difficulties (–2,4 SD on the CCC, with a peak on “Area of Interest” subscale), also present in ASD children (–4 SD).ConclusionsAS and heterogeneous HIP children show similar cognitive profiles on the WISC-IV. Furthermore, heterogeneous HIP children exhibit high scores on the AQ and have pragmatic difficulties.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high–functioning autism, and normal sex differences

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2002.1206 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 358 (1430) ◽

pp. 361-374 ◽

Cited By ~ 449

Author(s):

Simon Baron-Cohen ◽

Jennifer Richler ◽

Dheraj Bisarya ◽

Nhishanth Gurunathan ◽

Sally Wheelwright

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

General Population ◽

Asperger Syndrome ◽

High Functioning Autism ◽

Mental States ◽

Self Report ◽

Adult Males ◽

High Functioning ◽

Major Dimension ◽

Empathy Quotient

Systemizing is the drive to analyse systems or construct systems. A recent model of psychological sex differences suggests that this is a major dimension in which the sexes differ, with males being more drawn to systemize than females. Currently, there are no self–report measures to assess this important dimension. A second major dimension of sex differences is empathizing (the drive to identify mental states and respond to these with an appropriate emotion). Previous studies find females score higher on empathy measures. We report a new self–report questionnaire, the Systemizing Quotient (SQ), for use with adults of normal intelligence. It contains 40 systemizing items and 20 control items. On each systemizing item, a person can score 2, 1 or 0, so the SQ has a maximum score of 80 and a minimum of zero. In Study 1, we measured the SQ of n = 278 adults (114 males, 164 females) from a general population, to test for predicted sex differences (male superiority) in systemizing. All subjects were also given the Empathy Quotient (EQ) to test if previous reports of female superiority would be replicated. In Study 2 we employed the SQ and the EQ with n = 47 adults (33 males, 14 females) with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high–functioning autism (HFA), who are predicted to be either normal or superior at systemizing, but impaired at empathizing. Their scores were compared with n = 47 matched adults from the general population in Study 1. In Study 1, as predicted, normal adult males scored significantly higher than females on the SQ and significantly lower on the EQ. In Study 2, again as predicted, adults with AS/HFA scored significantly higher on the SQ than matched controls, and significantly lower on the EQ than matched controls. The SQ reveals both a sex difference in systemizing in the general population and an unusually strong drive to systemize in AS/HFA. These results are discussed in relation to two linked theories: the ‘empathizing–systemizing’ (E–S) theory of sex differences and the extreme male brain (EMB) theory of autism.

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The influence of rs53576 and rs2254298 oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms on plasma oxytocin levels and measures of empathy

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs181206057b ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 159-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jelena Basic ◽

Vuk Milosevic ◽

Milos Stankovic ◽

Tatjana Jevtovic-Stoimenov ◽

Tatjana Cvetkovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Receptor Gene ◽

Oxytocin Receptor ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Oxytocin Receptor Gene ◽

Hormone Effects ◽

Empathy Quotient ◽

Receptor Gene Polymorphisms ◽

Oxtr Rs53576 ◽

And Function

Oxytocin achieves its effects after binding the oxytocin receptor (OXTR). Oxytocin plays an important role in empathy. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the OXTR gene (rs53576 and rs2254298) on empathy measures and plasma oxytocin levels. Seventy-four university students were screened for the OXTR rs53576 and rs2254298 SNPs using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The level of oxytocin in the plasma was measured by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All subjects were assessed with the empathy quotient (EQ) questionnaire and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). Subjects carrying the rs53576 GG genotype had a higher EQ score, compared to GA/AA genotype carriers. By gender analysis, significance was reached only in females. Considering the influence of both examined polymorphisms on empathy, participants with the GGGG diplotype had a higher EQ in comparison with GAGG/AAGG carriers. These hormone effects were not correlated with plasma oxytocin levels. This is the first study implying that higher empathy in rs53576 GG genotype carriers may not depend on plasma oxytocin levels, but possibly on the number and function of OXTRs in the brain.

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Profil Gaya Kognitif Empathizing-Systemizing pada Anak Indonesia

KELUWIH: Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora ◽

10.24123/soshum.v1i2.3100 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 109

Author(s):

Ni Putu Adelia Kesumaningsari

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Styles ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽

Autism Spectrum Condition ◽

Biological Factors ◽

The Social ◽

Social Features ◽

Extreme Male Brain ◽

Empathy Quotient ◽

Spectrum Condition

Abstract—The present study examined Empathizing-Systemizing Theory (E-S Theory) in Indonesian Children. E-S Theory has known as a theory that is attempted to explain the cluster of both the social and non-social features in autism spectrum conditions. Children’s version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ-C) and the Systemizing Quotient (SQ-C) were administered to 372 Indonesia parents who had typically developed children aged 4-11 years old (boys = 182, girls = 190). The results showed that the girls scored higher that boys on EQ-C . In the case of SQ-C, there were no differences between boys and girls. However, the proportion of cognitive style shows clear individual differences between boys and girls. The proportion of participants with empathizing dominant cognitive sytle was shown higher by girls than boys, which distributed to E and Extreme E brain types, while the proportion of systemizing dominant cognitive styles is higher in boys whom brain types spread across the Type S and Extreme S categories. This study explaining inherited biological factors of autism and underscore the vulnerability among boys to develop autism spectrum condition if compared to girls. Keywords: Empathizing Quotient (EQ), extreme male brain of autism, sex, Systemizing Quotient (SQ) Abstrak—Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji teori Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S Theory) pada konteks anak Indonesia. E-S Theory dikenal sebagai sebuah teori yang digunakan untuk melihat gugus fitur sosial dan non-sosial kondisi spektrum autisme. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 372 orang tua Indonesia dengan anak berusia 4-11 tahun (anak laki-laki = 182, perempuan = 190), M usia = 7 Tahun, SD= 2.423 yang diminta untuk mengisi skala Empathizing Quotient (EQ) dan Systemizing Quotient (SQ). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahwa tingkat empati anak perempuan lebih tinggi daripada tingkat empati anak laki-laki. Dalam hal mensistemasi tidak ditemukan adanya perbedaan kemampuan antara anak laki-laki dan perempuan. Namun, proporsi gaya kognitif menunjukkan adanya perbedaan individual yang signifikan antara anak laki-laki dan perempuan. Gaya kognitif dominan berempati lebih tinggi pada anak perempuan, yang tersebar pada kategori tipe otak E dan Ekstrim E, sedangkan proporsi gaya kognitif mensistemasi lebih tinggi pada anak laki-laki dengan tipe otak yang tersebar pada kategori Tipe S dan Ekstrim S. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan bukti adanya faktor biologis bawaan dari autism ditinjau dari jenis kelamin dan menunjukkan kerentanan bawaan anak laki-laki terhadap kondisi autism jika dibandingkan dengan anak perempuan. Kata kunci: Empathizing Quotient (EQ), extreme male brain of autism, jenis kelamin, Systemizing Quotient (SQ)

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