Chilean Version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ) Scale: Adaptation and Psychometric Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María Fernández ◽  
Carmen Gloria Baeza ◽  
Paula Pavez ◽  
Nerea Aldunate
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Community Group ◽  
The Social ◽  
Empathy Quotient ◽  
Aggression Questionnaire

Abstract We evaluated the psychometric properties of the empathy quotient (EQ) scale translated to Spanish in Chile. We estimated its structural validity, and its construct validity with other convergent measures of empathy and attachment, as well an inversely associated construct such as aggression. We used a general sample of students and community individuals (n = 336). Participants completed the EQ, Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). Another exclusively community group (n = 102) completed Collins Adult Attachment scale and the EQ. CFA and ESEM analyses confirmed the structural model fit of the data to three previously reported dimensions of the EQ: cognitive empathy (CE), emotional reactivity (ER) and social skills (SS). Sex-differences in emotional reactivity, and the predicted relationships with the convergent measures were observed. The current Chilean version of the EQ resulted in an appropriate multidimensional measurement of empathy. Finally, providing a specific social skills dimension extends the traditional conception of cognitive and affective empathy to the social realm in the Chilean context.

scholarly journals Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Croatian Short Version of the Empathy Quotient

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Anja Wertag ◽  
◽  
Ivana Hanzec ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Empathy Quotient

The Empathy Quotient (EQ, Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004) measures empathy as an ability to identify what someone else is thinking and feeling, and to respond to their thoughts and feelings with an appropriate emotion. Although the questionnaire was developed in order to be sensitive to empathy deficits as a part of psychopathology, it is often used in other areas of psychological research as well. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the short version of the translated Empathy Quotient (EQ-28) that has psychometric superiority over the original version (Lawrence et al., 2004). Data was collected on-line on a convenient sample (N = 115; 81 female and 34 male) with a mean age of 31.30 (SD = 7.49), within a larger study. The results of the principal component analysis showed a clear three-factor solution consistent with the structure proposed by Lawrence et al. (2004). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients indicated high internal consistency of the Cognitive Empathy and the Emotional Reactivity subscales, unlike the Social Skills subscale. The correlations of the EQ-28 subscales and the relevant subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1983) provided information about the convergent validity of the Cognitive Empathy and the Emotional Reactivity subscales, while the correlations with measures of altruism (measured by HEXACOPI-R, Lee & Ashton, 2004) and the Dark Triad (Jones & Paulhus, 2014) showed the theoretically expected relationships between the given constructs. On the basis of the results of this preliminary study it can be concluded that the Croatian version of the EQ-28 has satisfactory metric characteristics and represents a good measure of cognitive and affective empathy, but these results should be replicated on a larger and more gender balanced sample. Keywords: Empathy Quotient, psychometric properties, Croatian version

scholarly journals Psychometric properties of the Serbian version of the Empathy Quotient (S-EQ)

Psihologija ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Dimitrijevic ◽  
Natasa Hanak ◽  
Tatjana Vukosavljevic-Gvozden ◽  
Goran Opacic
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Social Skills ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
School Students ◽  
Factor Congruence ◽  
Empathy Quotient ◽  
Serbian Version

In the present study we examined psychometric properties of the Serbian translation of the Empathy Quotient scale (S-EQ). The translated version of the EQ was applied on a sample of 694 high-school students. A sub-sample consisting of 375 high-school students also completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), another widely used empathy measure. The following statistical analyses were applied: internal consistency analysis, explanatory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses, and factor congruence analysis. Correlation with IRI and gender differences were calculated to demonstrate validity of the instrument. Results show that the Serbian 40-item version of EQ has lower reliability (Cronbach?s alpha = .782) than the original. The originally proposed one factor structure of the instrument was not confirmed. The short version with 28 items showed better reliablity (alpha= .807). The three-factor solution (cognitive empathy, emotional reactivity, and social skills) showed good cross-sample stability (Tucker congruence coefficient over .8) but the results of CFA confirmed the solution proposed in the reviewed literature only partially. The mean scores are similar to those obtained in the other studies, and, as expected, women have significantly higher scores than men. Correlations with all subscales of IRI are statistically significant for the first two subscales of EQ, but not for the ?social skills.? We concluded that the Serbian version of the ?Empathy Quotient? is a useful research tool which can contribute to cross-cultural studies of empathy, although its psychometric characteristics are not as good as those obtained in the original study. We also suggest that a 28-item should be used preferably to the original 40-item version.

Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the Empathy Quotient

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 911-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. LAWRENCE ◽  
P. SHAW ◽  
D. BAKER ◽  
S. BARON-COHEN ◽  
A. S. DAVID
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Empathy Quotient ◽  
Inference Test ◽  
Eyes Task ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
State Inference

Background. Empathy plays a key role in social understanding, but its empirical measurement has proved difficult. The Empathy Quotient (EQ) is a self-report scale designed to do just that. This series of four studies examined the reliability and validity of the EQ and determined its factor structure.Method. In Study 1, 53 people completed the EQ, Social Desirability Scale (SDS) and a non-verbal mental state inference test, the Eyes Task. In Study 2, a principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted on data from 110 healthy individuals and 62 people reporting depersonalisation (DPD). Approximately 1 year later, Study 3, involved the re-administration of the EQ (n=24) along with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; n=28). In the last study, the EQ scores of those with DPD, a condition that includes a subjective lack of empathy, were examined in depth.Results. An association was found between the Eyes task and EQ, and only three EQ items correlated with the SDS. PCA revealed three factors: (1) ‘cognitive empathy’; (2) ‘emotional reactivity’, and (3) ‘social skills’. Test–retest reliability was good and moderate associations were found between the EQ and IRI subscales, suggesting concurrent validity. People with DPD did not show a global empathy deficit, but reported less social competence.Conclusions. The EQ is a valid, reliable scale and the different subscales may have clinical applications.

Examining the Psychometric Properties of Maximally Efficient Items From the Social Skills Improvement System–Teacher Rating Scale

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher James Anthony ◽  
James Clyde DiPerna
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Teacher Rating ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Teacher Rating Scale ◽  
The Social ◽  
Validity Measures ◽  
Initial Support ◽  
Social Skills Improvement System

The current study examined the psychometric properties of a set of maximally efficient items (SMIs) from the Social Skills Improvement System–Teacher Rating Scale (SSIS-TRS). Sixty-three teachers rated 302 second through sixth graders on these SMIs, and several concurrent validity measures were administered. Results provided initial support for the validity of scores from the SMIs. Implications for practice and psychological research are discussed.

scholarly journals Development of the Mexican Version of the Empathy Quotient

Salud Mental ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Ricardo Arturo Saracco-Álvarez ◽  
Ana Fresán ◽  
Víctor Rodríguez Pérez ◽  
Rebeca Robles-García ◽  
Raúl Iván Escamilla Orozco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Factor Congruence ◽  
Empathy Quotient ◽  
Axis I

Introduction. Empathy is defined as the ability or process to identify and understand other person’s situation, feelings, and motives. These responses are essential for relationships and social behavior. Baron-Cohen et al. created the Empathy Quotient (EQ), a scale explicitly designed to have a clinical application. The instrument evaluates three constructs of empathy and several studies around worldwide, but not in Mexico. Objective. To examine the psychometric properties and the factor congruence of the EQ in a community sample from Mexico City. Method. Cronbach´s alpha coefficient and a correspondence factorial analysis was performed to test the relation between response options and factors from the Exploratory Factor Analysis 200 adults without Axis I disorders through the MINI, filled out the Spanish version of the short version (28-items) of the EQ. An exploratory factor analysis was performed while reliability was tested with Cronbach’s alpha. In addition, correspondence factorial analysis and the factor congruence coefficient were determined. Results. Five items were eliminated from the original 28-item EQ. From the 23 remaining items, only 16 were grouped in the three original proposed dimensions (cognitive empathy: 8 items, emotional reactivity: 4 items and social skills: 3 items), while one item showed communality with a different domain from the one originally proposed. Reliability was adequate (.82) as well as the congruence coefficients (.76 to .99). Discussion and conclusion. The EQ Mexican 16-item version is a good tool to assess empathy in a Mexican population.

scholarly journals Psychometric Properties of the Brief Version of the Social Skills Inventory for Adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Barbosa Romera Leme ◽  
Felipe Valentini ◽  
Josiane Rosa Campos ◽  
Almir Del Prette ◽  
Zilda A. P. Del Prette
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Social Skills ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Sample Group ◽  
The Social ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Scalar Invariance ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate the evidence of internal structure and scores reliability of the Social Skills Inventory for adolescents - brief version (IHSA-Del-Prette). The following analyses were performed: (1) Exploratory Factor Analysis - EFA; (2) Confirmatory Factor Analysis - CFA; (3) Reliability; (4) Multigroup Analysis (invariance). The participants were 2,291 students of the Middle and High Schools, both sexes aged 12 to 17 years old divided into two sample groups: 1,172 participants in sample group 1 (collected 2006–2007) and 1,119 in sample group 2 (collected 2011–2012). The results of the EFA (group 1) support the four subscales structure (Self-control, Affective Approach, Empathy and Assertiveness) for 16 items (loadings > .30). The structure was confirmed by the CFA performed on the second group (CFI = .96, TLI = .95, RMSEA = .05, 90% CI [.04, .05], loadings > .50); and showed scalar invariance (samples 1 and 2) due to group and age, as well as partial scalar invariance due to gender (ΔCFI < .01; ΔNCI < .02). It was concluded the brief version of IHSA-Del-Prette presents psychometric properties for use in the Brazilian context.

The Factorial Structure of a 15-Item Version of the Italian Empathy Quotient Scale

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 344-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Paolo Senese ◽  
Annunziata De Nicola ◽  
Anna Passaro ◽  
Gennaro Ruggiero
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Factorial Structure ◽  
Italian Version ◽  
Validity Indices ◽  
Empathy Quotient ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Report Measure

Abstract. The Empathy Quotient (EQ) scale is a self-report measure designed to assess empathy in adults. Although the scale is widely used and has been validated into different languages, its dimensionality is still controversial, as well as it is not clear which scale version should be considered. The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the EQ scale. The Italian version of the EQ scale was administered to a sample of 633 adults. Results showed that the 15-item EQ scale version proposed by Muncer and Ling (2006) had excellent reliability and validity indices, with a gender invariant three-factor structure (Cognitive Empathy, Emotional Reactivity, and Social Skills) and a higher order factor of general empathy. The overall results confirmed that the 15-item EQ scale is an eligible and stable tool for the assessment of empathy.

Empathic disequilibrium in two different measures of empathy predicts autistic traits in neurotypical population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ido Shalev ◽  
Florina Uzefovsky
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Autism Spectrum Quotient ◽  
Empathy Score ◽  
Empathy Quotient ◽  
Social Difficulties

Background. Features of autism spectrum conditions (ASC) are normally distributed within the population, giving rise to the notion of the autistic spectrum. One of the hallmark features of ASC is difficulties in social communication, which relies heavily on our ability to empathize with others. Empathy comprises of both cognitive (CE) and emotional (EE) components that, together, allow us to understand another's emotions and be affected by them appropriately, while maintaining a self-other distinction. Although CE and EE depend on distinct neural and developmental trajectories, it was suggested that the two empathic capacities can influence, balance, and regulate each other. Previous findings regarding the role of emotional and cognitive empathy in ASC have been mixed. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate whether the intra-personal empathy imbalance between the cognitive and emotional components, a measure we termed empathic disequilibrium (ED), can be associated with autistic traits at the neurotypical range.Methods. Participants were 671 neurotypical young-adults who self-reported their empathy, assessed using two highly validated questionnaires - the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and the Empathy Quotient, autistic traits using the Autism spectrum quotient, and the related traits, alexithymia, and systemizing.Results. Controlling for the total empathy score, greater ED was found to be positively correlated with autistic traits. Specifically, autistic traits were found to be elevated in groups of individuals with relatively higher EE than CE, underscoring their imbalance.Conclusions. Our study offers a novel perspective on the understanding of the social difficulties associated with autistic tendencies in the general population, and has potentially important clinical implications for understanding of ASC. We also propose a novel characterization of ASC based on the imbalance between EE and CE, which we term ED, as opposed to examining EE and CE separately.

Psychometric Properties of the Social Skills Questionnaire: Portuguese Adaptation of the Student Form (Grades 7 to 12)

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 486-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Pinheiro Mota ◽  
Paula Mena Matos ◽  
Marina Serra Lemos
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Social Skills ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Portuguese Population ◽  
The Social ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Valid Instrument ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Portuguese Adolescents

The present study aims to analyze the psychometric properties of the student form (Grades 7 to 12) of the Social Skills Questionnaire authored by Gresham and Elliott (1990), on a sample of Portuguese adolescents. Participants included 573 students, both female and male, aged 14 to 19. Reliability was assessed through Cronbach's alpha and was .87 for the total scale, ranging from.58 to .72 for the subscales. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the main adjustment indices presented unexpected values. A principal components analysis indicated that several items of the cooperation subscale correlated with other factors. Adequate adjustment indices were found when cooperation was removed from the model. Semantic dualities due to cultural factors and difficulties assuming the cooperation dimension as an independent dimension might explain the results observed. The reorganization of the SSQ offers a reliable and valid instrument for research within the Portuguese population.

Psychometric Properties of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C)

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ogliari ◽  
Simona Scaini ◽  
Michael J. Kofler ◽  
Valentina Lampis ◽  
Annalisa Zanoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Child Anxiety ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
The Social ◽  
General Populations

Reliable and valid self-report questionnaires could be useful as initial screening instruments for social phobia in both clinical settings and general populations. The present study investigates the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C) in a sample of 228 children from the Italian general population aged 8 to 11. The children were asked to complete the Italian version of the SPAI-C and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that social phobia can be conceptualized as a unitary construct consisting of five distinct but interrelated symptom clusters named Assertiveness, General Conversation, Physical/Cognitive Symptoms, Avoidance, and Public Performance. Internal consistency of the SPAI-C total scores and two subscales was good; correlations between SPAI-C total scores and SCARED total scores/subscales ranged from moderate to high (Generalized Anxiety Disorder, for social phobia), with the SCARED Social Phobia subscale as the best predictor of SPAI-C total scores. The results indicate that the SPAI-C is a reliable and sensitive instrument suitable for identifying Social Phobia in the young Italian general population.

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