scholarly journals Region of Interest Issues: The Relationship between Structure and Function in the Brain

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. A51-A56 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Mazziotta ◽  
Charles C. Pelizzari ◽  
George T. Chen ◽  
Fred L. Bookstein ◽  
Daniel Valentino
Keyword(s):  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The comparison of data sets from individual subjects between imaging modalities is necessary in order to evaluate the normal physiologic responses of the brain or the pathophysiological changes that accompany disease states. Similarly, it is critical to compare data between individuals both within and across imaging modalities. In a collaborative project with a number of university groups, we have developed a system that allows for the within-subject alignment and registration of three-dimensional data sets obtained from different modalities for the same individuals. These data make use of proposed criteria for the optimal solution to positron emission tomography image acquisition and analysis originally established through a series of international workshops. The analysis takes into account errors induced by image acquisition, registration, and alignment with regard to scaling, translation, and rotation. Using the principles of morphometrics and homologous landmarks, the between-subject warping of individual brain anatomy to match that of other individuals, groups or an idealized model can be obtained. Resultant information can provide averaged between-subject data for populations of normal individuals or patients with specific neurologic disorders. Such a system, provides the means by which to compare objectively quantitative data between individuals in a highly automated fashion.

Brain Imaging Methodologies

2013 ◽  
pp. 199-211
Author(s):  
Hanzhang Lu ◽  
Yihong Yang ◽  
Peiying Liu
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Treatment Monitoring ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Neuroimaging allows the study of psychiatric and neurological disorders on a systems level. It contains many sub-modalities that can reflect different aspects of brain anatomy, physiology, and function. Collectively, they provide a powerful toolbox for researchers and clinician to better understand the neurobiology of the disease and improve diagnosis. The greatest advantage of neuroimaging is that most modalities can be performed noninvasively, thereby it represents the most direct means to “look” inside the brain in living humans. This chapter focuses on several emerging neuroimaging methodologies in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and positron emission tomography (PET) that are capable of making a major impact in the understanding, diagnostics and treatment monitoring of mental illness in the coming years.

scholarly journals Fast Nonsupervised 3D Registration of PET and MR Images of the Brain

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 749-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Mangin ◽  
Vincent Frouin ◽  
Isabelle Bloch ◽  
Bernard Bendriem ◽  
Jaime Lopez-Krahe
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Surface Matching ◽  
3D Registration ◽  
Matching Algorithm ◽  
Distance Map ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
Discrete Surfaces ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
The Brain

We propose a fully nonsupervised methodology dedicated to the fast registration of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance images of the brain. First, discrete representations of the surfaces of interest (head or brain surface) are automatically extracted from both images. Then, a shape-independent surface-matching algorithm gives a rigid body transformation, which allows the transfer of information between both modalities. A three-dimensional (3D) extension of the chamfer-matching principle makes up the core of this surface-matching algorithm. The optimal transformation is inferred from the minimization of a quadratic generalized distance between discrete surfaces, taking into account between-modality differences in the localization of the segmented surfaces. The minimization process is efficiently performed via the precomputation of a 3D distance map. Validation studies using a dedicated brain-shaped phantom have shown that the maximum registration error was of the order of the PET pixel size (2 mm) for the wide variety of tested configurations. The software is routinely used today in a clinical context by the physicians of the Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot (>150 registrations performed). The entire registration process requires ∼5 min on a conventional workstation.

scholarly journals Nervous Activity of the Brain in Five Dimensions

Biophysica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Arturo Tozzi ◽  
James F. Peters ◽  
Norbert Jausovec ◽  
Arjuna P. H. Don ◽  
Sheela Ramanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Analysis ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
The Brain

The nervous activity of the brain takes place in higher-dimensional functional spaces. It has been proposed that the brain might be equipped with phase spaces characterized by four spatial dimensions plus time, instead of the classical three plus time. This suggests that global visualization methods for exploiting four-dimensional maps of three-dimensional experimental data sets might be used in neuroscience. We asked whether it is feasible to describe the four-dimensional trajectories (plus time) of two-dimensional (plus time) electroencephalographic traces (EEG). We made use of quaternion orthographic projections to map to the surface of four-dimensional hyperspheres EEG signal patches treated with Fourier analysis. Once achieved the proper quaternion maps, we show that this multi-dimensional procedure brings undoubted benefits. The treatment of EEG traces with Fourier analysis allows the investigation the scale-free activity of the brain in terms of trajectories on hyperspheres and quaternionic networks. Repetitive spatial and temporal patterns undetectable in three dimensions (plus time) are easily enlightened in four dimensions (plus time). Further, a quaternionic approach makes it feasible to identify spatially far apart and temporally distant periodic trajectories with the same features, such as, e.g., the same oscillatory frequency or amplitude. This leads to an incisive operational assessment of global or broken symmetries, domains of attraction inside three-dimensional projections and matching descriptions between the apparently random paths hidden in the very structure of nervous fractal signals.

scholarly journals The Clinical Benefits of Adding a Third Dimension to Assess the Left Ventricle with Echocardiography

Scientifica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi P. Badano
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
Echocardiographic Assessment ◽  
Dimensional Echocardiography ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Three Dimensional Echocardiography ◽  
And Function

Three-dimensional echocardiography is a novel imaging technique based on acquisition and display of volumetric data sets in the beating heart. This permits a comprehensive evaluation of left ventricular (LV) anatomy and function from a single acquisition and expands the diagnostic possibilities of noninvasive cardiology. It provides the possibility of quantitating geometry and function of LV without preestablished assumptions regarding cardiac chamber shape and allows an echocardiographic assessment of the LV that is less operator-dependent and therefore more reproducible. Further developments and improvements for widespread routine applications include higher spatial and temporal resolution to improve image quality, faster acquisition, processing and reconstruction, and fully automated quantitative analysis. At present, three-dimensional echocardiography complements routine 2DE in clinical practice, overcoming some of its limitations and offering additional valuable information that has led to recommending its use for routine assessment of the LV of patients in whom information about LV size and function is critical for their clinical management.

scholarly journals The Metabolic Centroid Method for PET Brain Image Analysis

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Levy ◽  
J. D. Brodie ◽  
JJ. A. G. Russell ◽  
N. D. Volkow ◽  
E. Laska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Noise ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Centroid Method ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Brain Image Analysis ◽  
The Brain

The method of centroids is an approach to the analysis of three-dimensional whole-brain positron emission tomography (PET) metabolic images. It utilizes the brain's geometric centroid and metabolic centroid so as to objectively characterize the central tendency of the distribution of metabolic activity in the brain. The method characterizes the three-dimensional PET metabolic image in terms of four parameters: the coordinates of the metabolic centroid and the mean metabolic rate of the whole brain. These parameters are not sensitive to spatially uniform random noise or to the position of the subject's head within a uniform PET camera field of view. The method has been applied to 40 normal subjects, 22 schizophrenics who were treated with neuroleptics, and 20 schizophrenics who were neuroleptic-free. The mean metabolic centroid of the normal subjects was found to be superior to the mean geometric centroid of the brain. The mean metabolic centroid of chronic schizophrenics is lower and more posterior to the mean geometric centroid than is that of normals. This difference is greater in medicated than in unmedicated schizophrenics. The posterior and downward displacement of the mean metabolic centroid is consistent with the concepts of hypofrontality, hyperactivity of subcortical structures, and neuroleptic effect in schizophrenics.

Improved Planning of Skull Base Surgery by Coregistration of Three-Dimensional Data Sets of Different Angiographic Imaging Modalities Including rDSA, MRA, CTA, and T1-MRI Volume Data

Skull Base ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (S 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Kirsch ◽  
Thomas Meyer ◽  
Dino Podlesek ◽  
Ute Morgenstern ◽  
Rüdiger von Kummer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Skull Base Surgery ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Volume Data

Cat Brain Neuroanatomy using Cryosectioning, Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography Imaging Modalities

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
The Common ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) imaging modalities are invaluable for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases. This study aimed to correlate the anatomical sectional data of the cats’ brain to the sections obtained by both MRI and CT examination. The present work was conducted on four cats, 1-4 years old, weighing about (2.5 to 3.5) kg admitted to the hospital with terminal diseases not related to the nervous system. The anatomical sections were taken at intervals of 5 mm, on different planes such as sagittal, frontal and transverse. The sections were obtained, following humane euthanasia, from frozen heads and identified according to the previous literatures. The images from both MRI and CT were compared with those of the gross anatomy sections and different structures were identified. To identify arterial distribution in the brain, one cat was injected with red latex through the common carotid artery, frozen, and sectioned. For vascular imaging, the same cat was examined by MRI after intravenous injection of contrast media. The descriptions of the brain anatomy from the MRI and CT images will act as a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of different neurological diseases in cat. This will assist veterinarians and radiologists in the identification of various nervous lesions related to the brain.

Neuroimaging technologies

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Mark Woolrich ◽  
Mark Jenkinson ◽  
Clare Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The brain is a highly complex system that is inaccessible to biopsy, which puts human brain imaging at the heart of our attempts to understand psychiatric disorders. Imaging has the potential to uncover the pathophysiology, provide biomarkers for use in the development and monitoring of treatments, and stratify patients for studies and trials. This chapter introduces the three main brain imaging technologies that are used to assay brain structure and function: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), molecular imaging positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); electrophysiology [electroencephoaography (EEG)]; and magnetoencephalograpy (MEG). The chapter outlines the principles behind their use and the nature of the information that can be extracted. Together, these brain imaging methods can provide complementary windows into the living brain as an increasingly essential suite of tools for experimental medicine in psychiatry.

scholarly journals Analysis of PET Neurofunctional Mapping Studies

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Votaw ◽  
Hengli H. Li
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Functional Mapping ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Statistical Uncertainty ◽  
Positron Emission

In this work, we present a method for analyzing positron emission tomography (PET) functional mapping experiments. The method is useful for identifying statistically significant differences between two PET data sets. First, uniform-variance Z-images are created and then the statistical uncertainty in region-of-interest values are calculated using a previously published method. The Z-images are calculated from the emission sinograms only

The human brain: anatomy, evolution, and function

2015 ◽  
pp. 41-74
Author(s):  
Martin Brüne
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
And Function ◽  
Social Decision Making ◽  
The Brain

The human brain is the most complex organ that has ever evolved. It contains more neurons and synapses than any other primate brain. In relation to body weight, it is outstandingly large and distinctly convoluted. Several parts of the brain have enlarged disproportionally over evolutionary time. Those brain regions are mainly involved in emotion processing, understanding and reflecting upon one’s own and other minds, memory, social decision-making, and action planning, suggesting that the human brain is adapted to dealing with social matters. The human brain is also conspicuous with regard to its slow maturation, which is linked to the huge amount of social information that needs to be learned until adulthood. Cross-talk among neurons is maintained by the action of neuromodulators and neurotransmitters, many of which are ancient and have served multiple purposes in plants and animals. They help regulate defensive and agonistic behaviour, social attachment, and inhibitory control.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document