scholarly journals Coevolutionary transitions from antagonism to mutualism explained by the Co-Opted Antagonist Hypothesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Johnson ◽  
Gordon P. Smith ◽  
Kelsey Yule ◽  
Goggy Davidowitz ◽  
Judith L. Bronstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Good Evidence ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Host Fidelity ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Lepidopteran Insect ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
Parameterized Model

AbstractThere is now good evidence that many mutualisms evolved from antagonism; why or how, however, remains unclear. We advance the Co-Opted Antagonist (COA) Hypothesis as a general mechanism explaining evolutionary transitions from antagonism to mutualism. COA involves an eco-coevolutionary process whereby natural selection favors co-option of an antagonist to perform a beneficial function and the interacting species coevolve a suite of phenotypic traits that drive the interaction from antagonism to mutualism. To evaluate the COA hypothesis, we present a generalized eco-coevolutionary framework of evolutionary transitions from antagonism to mutualism and develop a data-based, fully ecologically-parameterized model of a small community in which a lepidopteran insect pollinates some of its larval host plant species. More generally, our theory helps to reconcile several major challenges concerning the mechanisms of mutualism evolution, such as how mutualisms evolve without extremely tight host fidelity (vertical transmission) and how ecological context influences evolutionary outcomes, and vice-versa.

scholarly journals A New Species of Sympiesis Förster, 1856 (Hymenoptera: Eulophinae) Parasitizing Lepidopteran Pest Feeding on Dioscorea bulbifera in Almora, Uttarakhand, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pant Puja ◽  
Kumar Sandeep
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Lepidopteran Insect ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
Dioscorea Bulbifera ◽  
Lepidopteran Pest ◽  
A New Species

In the present study, a new species of eulophid parasitoid i.e. Sympiesis almorensis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Eulophinae) is described which was parasitizing to a larval host, most probably larval stage of a Lepidopteran insect.

scholarly journals Predator macroevolution drives trophic cascades and ecosystem functioning

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1883) ◽  
pp. 20180384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denon Start
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Trophic Cascades ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Ecological Patterns

Biologists now recognize that ecology can drive evolution, and that evolution in turn produces ecological patterns. I extend this thinking to include longer time scales, suggesting that macroevolutionary transitions can create phenotypic differences among species, which then have predictable impacts on species interactions, community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Repeated speciation can exacerbate these patterns by creating communities with similar phenotypes and hence ecological impacts. Here, I use several experiments to test these ideas in dragonfly larvae that occupy ponds with fish, ponds without fish, or both. I show that macroevolutionary transitions between habitats cause fishless pond species to be more active relative to fish pond specialists, reducing prey abundance, shifting prey community composition and creating stronger trophic cascades. These effects scale up to the community level with predictable consequences for ecosystem multi-functioning. I suggest that macroevolutionary history can have predictable impacts on phenotypic traits, with consequences for interacting species and ecosystems.

scholarly journals Phase transitions of multivalent proteins can promote clustering of membrane receptors

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudeep Banjade ◽  
Michael K Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Bilayers ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Adaptor Proteins ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Supported Lipid Bilayers ◽  
Actin Assembly ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
Micrometer Scale

Clustering of proteins into micrometer-sized structures at membranes is observed in many signaling pathways. Most models of clustering are specific to particular systems, and relationships between physical properties of the clusters and their molecular components are not well understood. We report biochemical reconstitution on supported lipid bilayers of protein clusters containing the adhesion receptor Nephrin and its cytoplasmic partners, Nck and N-WASP. With Nephrin attached to the bilayer, multivalent interactions enable these proteins to polymerize on the membrane surface and undergo two-dimensional phase separation, producing micrometer-sized clusters. Dynamics and thermodynamics of the clusters are modulated by the valencies and affinities of the interacting species. In the presence of the Arp2/3 complex, the clusters assemble actin filaments, suggesting that clustering of regulatory factors could promote local actin assembly at membranes. Interactions between multivalent proteins could be a general mechanism for cytoplasmic adaptor proteins to organize membrane receptors into micrometer-scale signaling zones.

scholarly journals Biological Roles of Lipocalins in Chemical Communication, Reproduction, and Regulation of Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romana Stopková ◽  
Tereza Otčenášková ◽  
Tereza Matějková ◽  
Barbora Kuntová ◽  
Pavel Stopka
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Organic World ◽  
Chemical Signalling ◽  
Genes Encoding

Major evolutionary transitions were always accompanied by genetic remodelling of phenotypic traits. For example, the vertebrate transition from water to land was accompanied by rapid evolution of olfactory receptors and by the expansion of genes encoding lipocalins, which – due to their transporting functions – represent an important interface between the external and internal organic world of an individual and also within an individual. Similarly, some lipocalin genes were lost along other genes when this transition went in the opposite direction leading, for example, to cetaceans. In terrestrial vertebrates, lipocalins are involved in the transport of lipophilic substances, chemical signalling, odour reception, antimicrobial defence and background odour clearance during ventilation. Many ancestral lipocalins have clear physiological functions across the vertebrate taxa while many other have – due to pleiotropic effects of their genes – multiple or complementary functions within the body homeostasis and development. The aim of this review is to deconstruct the physiological functions of lipocalins in light of current OMICs techniques. We concentrated on major findings in the house mouse in comparison to other model taxa (e.g., voles, humans, and birds) in which all or most coding genes within their genomes were repeatedly sequenced and their annotations are sufficiently informative.

Abstract #789: Type 2 Diabetes-Related Intermediate Phenotypic Traits in North Indian Patients with Diabetes

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Sandeep Kumar Mathur ◽  
Piyush Chandra ◽  
Sandhya Mishra ◽  
Piyush Ajmera ◽  
Praveen Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Indian Patients ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Male Osteoporosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (04) ◽  
pp. 260-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Tuck ◽  
R. M. Francis ◽  
B. C. Hanusch
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Male Osteoporosis ◽  
Fracture Rate ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Osteoporosis In Men ◽  
Considerable Morbidity ◽  
Secondary Causes

SummaryMale osteoporosis is common and results in considerable morbidity and mortality. There are distinct differences in the normal aging of bone between the genders, which result in a lower fracture rate in men. Men who suffer from osteoporosis are much more likely than women to have secondary causes. The identification and treatment of these secondary causes, wherever possible, will result in substantial improvements in BMD. There is now evidence for use of many of the existing agents to treat osteoporosis in men. In younger hypogonadal men testosterone replacement is worth considering, but in older men especially the over sixties this is less effective and there is an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular and prostatic outcomes. Prostate cancer is an increasingly common cause, which is partially the result of the success of ADT. There is now good evidence for the use of bisphosphonates and denosumab in this group of patients. HIV, whilst not being specific to men, is an increasingly recognised cause of male osteoporosis. The reasons for this are multifactorial and some may well be attributable to the anti-retroviral therapy itself. There is emerging evidence of an increased fracture risk in HIV infected individuals. The bone loss can be prevented by the use of bisphosphonates.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document