scholarly journals Directional cell expansion requires NIMA-related kinase 6 (NEK6)-mediated cortical microtubule destabilization

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shogo Takatani ◽  
Shinichiro Ozawa ◽  
Noriyoshi Yagi ◽  
Takashi Hotta ◽  
Takashi Hashimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Cortical Microtubule

scholarly journals Inhibition of cell expansion enhances cortical microtubule stability in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Giourieva ◽  
Emmanuel Panteris
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Cortical Microtubule ◽  
Root Apex ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Cellulose Biosynthesis ◽  
Cortical Microtubules ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Microtubule Stability

Abstract Background Cortical microtubules regulate cell expansion by determining cellulose microfibril orientation in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana. While the regulation of cell wall properties by cortical microtubules is well studied, the data on the influence of cell wall to cortical microtubule organization and stability remain scarce. Studies on cellulose biosynthesis mutants revealed that cortical microtubules depend on Cellulose Synthase A (CESA) function and/or cell expansion. Furthermore, it has been reported that cortical microtubules in cellulose-deficient mutants are hypersensitive to oryzalin. In this work, the persistence of cortical microtubules against anti-microtubule treatment was thoroughly studied in the roots of several cesa mutants, namely thanatos, mre1, any1, prc1-1 and rsw1, and the Cellulose Synthase Interacting 1 protein (csi1) mutant pom2-4. In addition, various treatments with drugs affecting cell expansion were performed on wild-type roots. Whole mount tubulin immunolabeling was applied in the above roots and observations were performed by confocal microscopy. Results Cortical microtubules in all mutants showed statistically significant increased persistence against anti-microtubule drugs, compared to those of the wild-type. Furthermore, to examine if the enhanced stability of cortical microtubules was due to reduced cellulose biosynthesis or to suppression of cell expansion, treatments of wild-type roots with 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) and Congo red were performed. After these treatments, cortical microtubules appeared more resistant to oryzalin, than in the control. Conclusions According to these findings, it may be concluded that inhibition of cell expansion, irrespective of the cause, results in increased microtubule stability in A. thaliana root. In addition, cell expansion does not only rely on cortical microtubule orientation but also plays a regulatory role in microtubule dynamics, as well. Various hypotheses may explain the increased cortical microtubule stability under decreased cell expansion such as the role of cell wall sensors and the presence of less dynamic cortical microtubules.

scholarly journals A ROP GTPase Signaling Pathway Controls Cortical Microtubule Ordering and Cell Expansion in Arabidopsis

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (21) ◽  
pp. 1827-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Fu ◽  
Tongda Xu ◽  
Lei Zhu ◽  
Mingzhang Wen ◽  
Zhenbiao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Cortical Microtubule ◽  
Rop Gtpase

scholarly journals Cortical microtubule patterning in roots ofArabidopsis thalianaprimary cell wall mutants reveals the bidirectional interplay with cell expansion

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e28737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Panteris ◽  
Ioannis-Dimosthenis S Adamakis ◽  
Gerasimos Daras ◽  
Stamatis Rigas
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Cortical Microtubule

scholarly journals Arabidopsis QWRF1 and QWRF2 Redundantly Modulate Cortical Microtubule Arrangement in Floral Organ Growth and Fertility

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huifang Ma ◽  
Liyuan Xu ◽  
Ying Fu ◽  
Lei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cortical Microtubule ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Organ Development ◽  
Cortical Microtubules ◽  
Organ Growth ◽  
Floral Organ Development ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Organ Identity

Floral organ development is fundamental to sexual reproduction in angiosperms. Many key floral regulators (most of which are transcription factors) have been identified and shown to modulate floral meristem determinacy and floral organ identity, but not much is known about the regulation of floral organ growth, which is a critical process by which organs to achieve appropriate morphologies and fulfill their functions. Spatial and temporal control of anisotropic cell expansion following initial cell proliferation is important for organ growth. Cortical microtubules are well known to have important roles in plant cell polar growth/expansion and have been reported to guide the growth and shape of sepals and petals. In this study, we identified two homolog proteins, QWRF1 and QWRF2, which are essential for floral organ growth and plant fertility. We found severely deformed morphologies and symmetries of various floral organs as well as a significant reduction in the seed setting rate in the qwrf1qwrf2 double mutant, although few flower development defects were seen in qwrf1 or qwrf2 single mutants. QWRF1 and QWRF2 display similar expression patterns and are both localized to microtubules in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found altered cortical microtubule organization and arrangements in qwrf1qwrf2 cells, consistent with abnormal cell expansion in different floral organs, which eventually led to poor fertility. Our results suggest that QWRF1 and QWRF2 are likely microtubule-associated proteins with functional redundancy in fertility and floral organ development, which probably exert their effects via regulation of cortical microtubules and anisotropic cell expansion.

scholarly journals The Salix SmSPR1 Involved in Light-Regulated Cell Expansion by Modulating Microtubule Arrangement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Xiaoxia ◽  
Zhang Jianguo ◽  
Sui Jinkai ◽  
Luo Ying ◽  
Rao Guodong
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Cortical Microtubule ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Anisotropic Growth ◽  
Etiolated Seedlings ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Transgenic Lines

AbstractLight signaling and cortical microtubule (MT) arrays are essential to the anisotropic growth of plant cells. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) function as regulators that mediate plant cell expansion or elongation by altering the arrangements of the MT arrays. However, current understanding of the molecular mechanism of MAPs in relation to light to regulate cell expansion or elongation is limited. Here, we show that the microtubule-associated protein SPR1 is involved in light-regulated directional cell expansion by modulating microtubule elongation in Salix matsudana. Overexpression of SmSPR1 in Arabidopsis results in right-handed helical orientation of hypocotyls in dark-grown etiolated seedlings, whereas the phenotype of transgenic plants was indistinguishable from those of wild-type plants under light conditions. Phenotypic characterization of the transgenic plants showed reduced anisotropic growth and left-handed helical MT arrays in etiolated hypocotyl cells. Protein interaction assays revealed that SPR1, CSN5A (subunits of COP9 signalosome, a negative regulator of photomorphogenesis), and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5, a transcription factor that promotes photomorphogenesis) interacted with each other in vivo. The phenotype of Arabidopsis AtSPR1-overexpressing transgenic lines was similar to that of SmSPR1-overexpressing transgenic plants, and overexpression of Salix SmSPR1 can rescue the spr1 mutant phenotype, thereby revealing the function of SPR1 in plants.HighlightFunction of microtubule-associated protein SPR1 is directly related to light, and crucial to the balance of tubulin polymerization

scholarly journals Differential Responsiveness of Cortical Microtubule Orientation to Suppression of Cell Expansion among the Developmental Zones of Arabidopsis thaliana Root Apex

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e82442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Panteris ◽  
Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis ◽  
Gerasimos Daras ◽  
Polydefkis Hatzopoulos ◽  
Stamatis Rigas
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Cortical Microtubule ◽  
Root Apex ◽  
Microtubule Orientation ◽  
Differential Responsiveness

scholarly journals Arabidopsis IPGA1 is a microtubule-associated protein essential for cell expansion during petal morphogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (19) ◽  
pp. 5231-5243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanqiu Yang ◽  
Binqinq Chen ◽  
Xie Dang ◽  
Lilan Zhu ◽  
Jinqiu Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Cortical Microtubule ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Uncharacterized Protein ◽  
Microtubule Organization ◽  
Growth Anisotropy ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Petal Growth ◽  
Parallel Arrays

Abstract Unlike animal cells, plant cells do not possess centrosomes that serve as microtubule organizing centers; how microtubule arrays are organized throughout plant morphogenesis remains poorly understood. We report here that Arabidopsis INCREASED PETAL GROWTH ANISOTROPY 1 (IPGA1), a previously uncharacterized microtubule-associated protein, regulates petal growth and shape by affecting cortical microtubule organization. Through a genetic screen, we showed that IPGA1 loss-of-function mutants displayed a phenotype of longer and narrower petals, as well as increased anisotropic cell expansion of the petal epidermis in the late phases of flower development. Map-based cloning studies revealed that IPGA1 encodes a previously uncharacterized protein that colocalizes with and directly binds to microtubules. IPGA1 plays a negative role in the organization of cortical microtubules into parallel arrays oriented perpendicular to the axis of cell elongation, with the ipga1-1 mutant displaying increased microtubule ordering in petal abaxial epidermal cells. The IPGA1 family is conserved among land plants and its homologs may have evolved to regulate microtubule organization. Taken together, our findings identify IPGA1 as a novel microtubule-associated protein and provide significant insights into IPGA1-mediated microtubule organization and petal growth anisotropy.

scholarly journals Cortical Microtubule Organization during Petal Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanqiu Yang ◽  
Weihong Huang ◽  
Endian Wu ◽  
Chentao Lin ◽  
Binqing Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Cortical Microtubule ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Confocal Imaging ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Microtubule Organization ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Adaxial Epidermis ◽  
Cell Shaping ◽  
Conical Cell

Cortical microtubules guide the direction and deposition of cellulose microfibrils to build the cell wall, which in turn influences cell expansion and plant morphogenesis. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), petal is a relatively simple organ that contains distinct epidermal cells, such as specialized conical cells in the adaxial epidermis and relatively flat cells with several lobes in the abaxial epidermis. In the past two decades, the Arabidopsis petal has become a model experimental system for studying cell expansion and organ morphogenesis, because petals are dispensable for plant growth and reproduction. Recent advances have expanded the role of microtubule organization in modulating petal anisotropic shape formation and conical cell shaping during petal morphogenesis. Here, we summarize recent studies showing that in Arabidopsis, several genes, such as SPIKE1, Rho of plant (ROP) GTPases, and IPGA1, play critical roles in microtubule organization and cell expansion in the abaxial epidermis during petal morphogenesis. Moreover, we summarize the live-confocal imaging studies of Arabidopsis conical cells in the adaxial epidermis, which have emerged as a new cellular model. We discuss the microtubule organization pattern during conical cell shaping. Finally, we propose future directions regarding the study of petal morphogenesis and conical cell shaping.

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