Carotenoid metabolite and transcriptome dynamics underlying flower color in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

Abstract Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) is an important ornamental plant with a wide variety of flower colors. Despite its economic value, few biochemical and molecular studies have explored the generation of flower color in this species. To study the mechanism underlying marigold petal color, we performed a metabolite analysis and de novo cDNA sequencing on the inbred line ‘V-01’ and its petal color mutant ‘V-01M’ at four flower developmental stages. A total of 49,217 unigenes were identified from 24 cDNA libraries. Based on our metabolites and transcriptomic analyses, we present an overview of carotenoid biosynthesis, degradation, and accumulation in marigold flowers. The carotenoid content of the yellow mutant ‘V-01M’ was higher than that of the orange inbred line ‘V-01’, and the abundances of the yellow compounds lutein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and antheraxanthin were significantly higher in the mutant. During flower development, the carotenoid biosynthesis genes were upregulated in both ‘V-01’ and ‘V-01M’, with no significant differences between the two lines. By contrast, the carotenoid degradation genes were dramatically downregulated in the yellow mutant ‘V-01M’. We therefore speculate that the carotenoid degradation genes are the key factors regulating the carotenoid content of marigold flowers. Our research provides a large amount of transcriptomic data and insights into the marigold color metabolome.

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Transcriptome dynamics underlying flower color in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

10.21203/rs.2.17549/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Huali Zhang ◽

Shiya Zhang ◽

Hua Zhang ◽

Xi Chen ◽

Fang Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inbred Line ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

De Novo ◽

Flower Color ◽

Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽

Cdna Libraries ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Tagetes Erecta ◽

Tagetes Erecta L ◽

Carotenoid Degradation

Abstract Background: Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) is an important ornamental plant with a wide variety of flower colors. Despite its economic value, few biochemical and molecular studies have explored the generation of flower color in this species. Results: To study the mechanism underlying marigold petal color, we performed a metabolomics analysis and de novo cDNA sequencing on the inbred line ‘V-01’ and its petal color mutant ‘V-01M’ at four flower developmental stages. A total of 49,217 unigenes were identified from 24 cDNA libraries. Based on our transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, we present an overview of carotenoid biosynthesis, degradation, and accumulation in marigold flowers. The carotenoid content of the yellow mutant ‘V-01M’ was higher than that of the orange inbred line ‘V-01’, and the abundances of the yellow compounds lutein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and antheraxanthin were significantly higher in the mutant. During flower development, the carotenoid biosynthesis genes were upregulated in both ‘V-01’ and ‘V-01M’, with no significant differences between the two lines. By contrast, the carotenoid degradation genes were dramatically downregulated in the yellow mutant ‘V-01M’. Conclusions: We therefore speculate that the carotenoid degradation genes are the key factors regulating the carotenoid content of marigold flowers. Our research provides a large amount of transcriptomic data and insights into the marigold color metabolome.

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Transcriptome dynamics underlying flower color in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

10.21203/rs.2.17549/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Huali Zhang ◽

Shiya Zhang ◽

Hua Zhang ◽

Xi Chen ◽

Fang Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inbred Line ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

De Novo ◽

Flower Color ◽

Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽

Cdna Libraries ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Tagetes Erecta ◽

Tagetes Erecta L ◽

Carotenoid Degradation

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Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals a series of single nucleotide polymorphism between red- and white-fleshed loquats (Eriobotrya japonica)

Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding ◽

10.17221/43/2016-cjgpb ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 97-106

Author(s):

S. Sun ◽

J. Li ◽

D. Chen ◽

H. Xie ◽

M. Tu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

De Novo ◽

Average Length ◽

Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽

Expression Level ◽

Eriobotrya Japonica ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Fruit Samples

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is an economically important crop and red-fleshed cultivars have a much higher carotenoid content than white-fleshed cultivars. We used Illumina RNA-seq technology to gain a global overview of the loquat transcriptome from a mixture of fruit samples at different developmental stages for both red-fleshed and white-fleshed loquat. A total of 94.98 million paired-end short reads were obtained and 61 586 unigenes were generated from de novo assembly with an average length of 817 bp. Among these unigenes, 44 710 unigenes were annotated by blast against Nr, Swissprot, GO, COG and KEGG databases. For these annotated unigenes, 123 biosynthesis pathways were predicted by mapping these unigenes to the reference canonical pathways and 41 unigenes were predicted to be involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression level of the LCYB gene was higher in red-fleshed loquat and the CRTRB gene had a higher expression level in white-fleshed loquat. Comparative analysis of the two transcriptomes revealed 2396 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between red- and white-fleshed loquats. The majority of SNPs identified between the two loquat cultivars were nonsense mutations and one out of eleven SNPs in candidate genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis was a sense mutation. This suggests that the analysis based on transcriptomes can reveal key genes related to the carotenoid biosynthesis and more carotene in red-fleshed loquat cultivars may result from both more carotene produced by the higher expression of LCYB genes and less carotene converted because of the low expression of the CRTRB gene. All these results from the transcriptome analysis will be useful for the elucidation of genetic differences between red- and white-fleshed loquat fruits and further functional analysis for genes responsible for carotenoid accumulation.

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Transcriptome Sequencing and Biochemical Analysis of Perianths and Coronas Reveal Flower Color Formation in Narcissus pseudonarcissus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19124006 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (12) ◽

pp. 4006 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xi Li ◽

Dongqin Tang ◽

Hui Du ◽

Yimin Shi

Keyword(s):

Flower Color ◽

Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Color Formation ◽

Light Yellow ◽

Color Fading ◽

Narcissus Pseudonarcissus ◽

Bulbous Plant ◽

Β Carotene

Narcissus pseudonarcissus is an important bulbous plant with white or yellow perianths and light yellow to orange-red coronas, but little is known regarding the biochemical and molecular basis related to flower color polymorphisms. To investigate the mechanism of color formation, RNA-Seq of flower of two widely cultured cultivars (‘Slim Whitman’ and ‘Pinza’) with different flower color was performed. A total of 84,463 unigenes were generated from the perianths and coronas. By parallel metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses, we provide an overview of carotenoid biosynthesis, degradation, and accumulation in N. pseudonarcissus. The results showed that the content of carotenoids in the corona was higher than that in the perianth in both cultivars. Accordingly, phytoene synthase (PSY) transcripts have a higher abundance in the coronas than that in perianths. While the expression levels of carotenoid biosynthetic genes, like GGPPS, PSY, and LCY-e, were not significantly different between two cultivars. In contrast, the carotenoid degradation gene NpCCD4 was highly expressed in white-perianth cultivars, but was hardly detected in yellow-perianth cultivars. Silencing of NpCCD4 resulted in a significant increase in carotenoid accumulation, especially in all-trans-β-carotene. Therefore, we presume that NpCCD4 is a crucial factor that causes the low carotenoid content and color fading phenomenon of ‘Slim Whitman’ by mediating carotenoid turnover. Our findings provide mass RNA-seq data and new insights into carotenoid metabolism in N. pseudonarcissus.

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Analysis of Flower Color Variations at Different Developmental Stages in Two Honeysuckle (Lonicera Japonica Thunb.) Cultivars

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci13819-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 779-782 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jianjun Li ◽

Xiaoya Lian ◽

Chenglin Ye ◽

Lan Wang

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Cross Section ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Flower Color ◽

Lonicera Japonica ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Japanese Honeysuckle ◽

Corolla Color

Lonicera japonica Thunb., known as Japanese honeysuckle or golden-and-silver honeysuckle, belongs to the honeysuckle family and is native to eastern Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea. Microscopy, spectrophotometry, colorimetry, and the Royal Horticulture Society of Colorimetric Card (RHSCC) were used to compare and analyze the pigment distribution, content, and color variations in the Yujin 2 and Damaohua cultivars at different developmental stages. There were notable differences in the corolla color and the cross-section color between different developmental stages and different varieties. The lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) values were calculated for each period for the two cultivars to observe variation trends. The chlorophyll content in the corollas of both cultivars showed declining trends with different rates. The chlorophyll content decreased rapidly from the young period to the two white period, and changed gradually from the two white period to the golden period. Moreover, the carotenoid content declined slightly from the young period to the silver period and rose sharply during the golden period. The ratio of these two pigment contents increased dramatically during the golden period: by 11.51 and 6.53 times in ‘Yujin 2’ and ‘Damaohua’, respectively. There were significant differences in corolla color, cross-section color, and the content of three pigments between the two varieties of honeysuckle. distribution and variation of pigments were the key factors affecting the flower color of honeysuckle. This study provides a basis for the identification and breeding of honeysuckle varieties and lays a foundation for further studies on the function and molecular mechanisms of pigments.

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Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals key components controlling spathe color in Anthurium andraeanum (Hort.)

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0261364 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. e0261364

Author(s):

Jaime A. Osorio-Guarín ◽

David Gopaulchan ◽

Corey Quanckenbush ◽

Adrian M. Lennon ◽

Pathmanathan Umaharan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stages ◽

De Novo ◽

Genetic Model ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Cdna Libraries ◽

Future Research ◽

Sequence Information ◽

Anthocyanin Pathway ◽

Late Developmental Stage ◽

Anthurium Andraeanum

Anthurium andraeanum (Hort.) is an important ornamental in the tropical cut-flower industry. However, there is currently insufficient information to establish a clear connection between the genetic model(s) proposed and the putative genes involved in the differentiation between colors. In this study, 18 cDNA libraries related to the spathe color and developmental stages of A. andraeanum were characterized by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). For the de novo transcriptome, a total of 114,334,082 primary sequence reads were obtained from the Illumina sequencer and were assembled into 151,652 unigenes. Approximately 58,476 transcripts were generated and used for comparative transcriptome analysis between three cultivars that differ in spathe color (‘Sasha’ (white), ‘Honduras’ (red), and ‘Rapido’ (purple)). A large number of differentially expressed genes (8,324), potentially involved in multiple biological and metabolic pathways, were identified, including genes in the flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways. Our results showed that the chalcone isomerase (CHI) gene presented the strongest evidence for an association with differences in color and the highest correlation with other key genes (flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3’5’ hydroxylase (F3’5’H)/ flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3’H), and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX)) in the anthocyanin pathway. We also identified a differentially expressed cytochrome P450 gene in the late developmental stage of the purple spathe that appeared to determine the difference between the red- and purple-colored spathes. Furthermore, transcription factors related to putative MYB-domain protein that may control anthocyanin pathway were identified through a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The results provided basic sequence information for future research on spathe color, which have important implications for this ornamental breeding strategies.

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Effects of Exogenous Abscisic Acid (ABA) on Carotenoids and Petal Color in Osmanthus fragrans ‘Yanhonggui’

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9040454 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 454

Author(s):

Yucheng Liu ◽

Bin Dong ◽

Chao Zhang ◽

Liyuan Yang ◽

Yiguang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abscisic Acid ◽

Metabolic Pathway ◽

Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Native Plant ◽

Total Carotenoids ◽

Osmanthus Fragrans ◽

Carotenoid Accumulation ◽

Β Carotene ◽

Carotenoid Degradation

Osmanthus fragrans is a well-known native plant in China, and carotenoids are the main group of pigments in the petals. Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the products of the metabolic pathway of carotenoids. Application of ABA could affect pigmentation of flower petals by changing the carotenoid content. However, little is known about the effects of ABA treatment on carotenoid accumulation in O. fragrans. In this study, different concentrations of ABA (0, 150 and 200 mg/L) were spread on the petals of O. fragrans ‘Yanhonggui’. The petal color of ‘Yanhonggui’ receiving every ABA treatment was deeper than that of the control. The content of total carotenoids in the petals significantly increased with 200 mg/L ABA treatment. In the petals, α-carotene and β-carotene were the predominant carotenoids. The expression of several genes involved in the metabolism of carotenoids increased with 200 mg/L ABA treatment, including PSY1, PDS1, Z-ISO1, ZDS1, CRTISO, NCED3 and CCD4. However, the transcription levels of the latter two carotenoid degradation-related genes were much lower than of the five former carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes; the finding would explain the significant increase in total carotenoids in ‘Yanhonggui’ petals receiving the 200 mg/L ABA treatment.

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Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of carotenoid biosynthesis reveal the basis of white petal color in Brassica napus

Planta ◽

10.1007/s00425-020-03536-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 253 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ledong Jia ◽

Junsheng Wang ◽

Rui Wang ◽

Mouzheng Duan ◽

Cailin Qiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brassica Napus ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Flower Color ◽

Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Transcriptome Data ◽

Oilseed Crops ◽

Qrt Pcr ◽

Carotenoid Metabolism ◽

Rapeseed Cultivar

Abstract Main conclusion The molecular mechanism underlying white petal color in Brassica napus was revealed by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Abstract Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide, but the mechanisms underlying flower color in this crop are known less. Here, we performed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of the yellow-flowered rapeseed cultivar ‘Zhongshuang 11’ (ZS11) and the white-flowered inbred line ‘White Petal’ (WP). The total carotenoid contents were 1.778-fold and 1.969-fold higher in ZS11 vs. WP petals at stages S2 and S4, respectively. Our findings suggest that white petal color in WP flowers is primarily due to decreased lutein and zeaxanthin contents. Transcriptome analysis revealed 10,116 differentially expressed genes with a fourfold or greater change in expression (P-value less than 0.001) in WP vs. ZS11 petals, including 1,209 genes that were differentially expressed at four different stages and 20 genes in the carotenoid metabolism pathway. BnNCED4b, encoding a protein involved in carotenoid degradation, was expressed at abnormally high levels in WP petals, suggesting it might play a key role in white petal formation. The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with the transcriptome data. The results of this study provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of the carotenoid metabolic pathway in rapeseed petals, and the candidate genes identified in this study provide a resource for the creation of new B. napus germplasms with different petal colors.

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Transcriptomic Analysis of the Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway Reveals the Molecular Mechanism Associated with Purple Color Formation in Dendrobium Nestor

Life ◽

10.3390/life11020113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Xueqiang Cui ◽

Jieling Deng ◽

Changyan Huang ◽

Xuan Tang ◽

Xianmin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanism ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Transcriptome Profiling ◽

Flower Color ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Color Formation ◽

Color Development ◽

Purple Coloration ◽

Purple Color

Dendrobium nestor is a famous orchid species in the Orchidaceae family. There is a diversity of flower colorations in the Dendrobium species, but knowledge of the genes involved and molecular mechanism underlying the flower color formation in D. nestor is less studied. Therefore, we performed transcriptome profiling using Illumina sequencing to facilitate thorough studies of the purple color formation in petal samples collected at three developmental stages, namely—flower bud stage (F), half bloom stage (H), and full bloom stage (B) in D. nestor. In addition, we identified key genes and their biosynthetic pathways as well as the transcription factors (TFs) associated with purple flower color formation. We found that the phenylpropanoid–flavonoid–anthocyanin biosynthesis genes such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, anthocyanidin synthase, and UDP-flavonoid glucosyl transferase, were largely up-regulated in the H and B samples as compared to the F samples. This upregulation might partly account for the accumulation of anthocyanins, which confer the purple coloration in these samples. We further identified several differentially expressed genes related to phytohormones such as auxin, ethylene, cytokinins, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, and abscisic acid, as well as TFs such as MYB and bHLH, which might play important roles in color formation in D. nestor flower. Sturdy upregulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes might be a potential regulatory mechanism in purple color formation in D. nestor flowers. Several TFs were predicted to regulate the anthocyanin genes through a K-mean clustering analysis. Our study provides valuable resource for future studies to expand our understanding of flower color development mechanisms in D. nestor.

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Preface

Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.1351/pac20067808iv ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 78 (8) ◽

pp. iv

Author(s):

Richard J. Cogdell

Keyword(s):

International Symposium ◽

De Novo ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽

Annual Growth Rate ◽

Chemical Company ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Poster Sessions ◽

14Th International Symposium ◽

Oral Communications

The 14th International Symposium on Carotenoids was held in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 17-22 July 2005, under the chairmanship of Dr. George Britton. The International Symposium on Carotenoids is the official symposium for the International Carotenoid Society (http://carotenoidsociety.org), which supported the symposium as did IUPAC. Financial support was gratefully received from DSM Nutritional Products, BASF Ag, Cognis Deutschland, Fuji Chemical Company Ltd., Inexa Industria Extractora CA, Valensa International, Nu Skin International Inc., Cargill Inc., The Alcon Foundation Inc., Kemin Health, Access Business Group, and LycoRed Natural Products Industries Ltd.The first International Symposium took place in Trondheim, Norway in 1966, and such meetings have continued at three-year intervals since then. Over that period of almost 40 years, the carotenoids field has expanded tremendously and diversified into many fields of study, especially human nutrition and health. There have also been continued advances in our understanding of the roles of carotenoids in photosynthesis and photochemistry, the regulation of their formation, de novo chemical synthesis, and the analytical techniques available for detailed structural analyses. The commercial importance of carotenoids has also significantly increased over the years; the current market was estimated to be around $887 million for 2004 and is expected to rise at an average annual growth rate of 2.9 % to just over $1 billion.These areas were fully reflected in the 220 invited lectures, oral communications, and poster sessions. The seven articles that appear in this issue embody the themes of the symposium, namely:- Carotenoids and Health: a series of themed sessions focusing on protection against disease, the eye, molecular and cellular processes, and nutrition- Carotenoid Oxidation and Breakdown Products and Metabolites- Carotenoids in Photosynthesis- Carotenoid Biosynthesis- Commercial Production and Applications- Carotenoids and Nature: ecology, etc.- Molecular Interactions of CarotenoidsFinally, we would like to thank everyone who contributed to a most successful symposium, including the local organizing committee, and look forward to the next meeting in 2008, which will be held in Okinawa, Japan and will be chaired by Prof. Hideki Hashimoto.Richard J. CogdellPeter M. BramleyConference Editors

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