scholarly journals Peak-at-end rule: adaptive mechanism predicts time-dependent decision weighting

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuto Yashiro ◽  
Isamu Motoyoshi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Adaptive Mechanism ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Leaky Integrator ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Humans make decisions under various natural circumstances, integrating multiple pieces of information that are distributed over space and time. Although psychophysical and physiological studies have investigated temporal dynamics underlying perceptual decision making, weighting profiles for inliers and outliers during temporal integration have yet to be fully investigated in most studies. Here, we examined the temporal weighting profile of a computational model characterized by a leaky integrator of sensory evidence. As a corollary of its leaky nature, the model predicts the recency effect and overweights outlying elements around the end of the stream. Moreover, we found that the model underweights outlying values occurring earlier in the stream (i.e., robust averaging). We also show that human observers exhibit exactly the same weighting profile in an average estimation task. These findings suggest that the adaptive decision process in the brain results in the time-dependent decision weighting, the “peak-at-end” rule, rather than the peak-end rule in behavioral economics.

scholarly journals A confirmation bias in perceptual decision-making due to hierarchical approximate inference

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Lange ◽  
Ankani Chattoraj ◽  
Jeffrey M. Beck ◽  
Jacob L. Yates ◽  
Ralf M. Haefner
Keyword(s):  
Model Comparison ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
Hierarchical Nature ◽  
Integration Strategies ◽  
The Brain

AbstractHuman decisions are known to be systematically biased. A prominent example of such a bias occurs when integrating a sequence of sensory evidence over time. Previous empirical studies differ in the nature of the bias they observe, ranging from favoring early evidence (primacy), to favoring late evidence (recency). Here, we present a unifying framework that explains these biases and makes novel psychophysical and neurophysiological predictions. By explicitly modeling both the approximate and the hierarchical nature of inference in the brain, we show that temporal biases depend on the balance between “sensory information” and “category information” in the stimulus. Finally, we present new data from a human psychophysics task that confirms a critical prediction of our framework showing that effective temporal integration strategies can be robustly changed within each subject, and that allows us to exclude alternate explanations through quantitative model comparison.

scholarly journals Transient neuronal suppression for exploitation of new sensory evidence

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Shinn ◽  
Daeyeol Lee ◽  
John D. Murray ◽  
Hyojung Seo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Sensory Evidence

AbstractIn noisy but stationary environments, decisions should be based on the temporal integration of sequentially sampled evidence. This strategy has been supported by many behavioral studies and is qualitatively consistent with neural activity in multiple brain areas. By contrast, decision-making in the face of non-stationary sensory evidence remains poorly understood. Here, we trained monkeys to identify and respond via saccade to the dominant color of a dynamically refreshed bicolor patch that becomes informative after a variable delay. Animals’ behavioral responses were briefly suppressed after evidence changes, and many neurons in the frontal eye field displayed a corresponding dip in activity at this time, similar to that frequently observed after stimulus onset but sensitive to stimulus strength. Generalized drift-diffusion models revealed consistency of behavior and neural activity with brief suppression of motor output, but not with pausing or resetting of evidence accumulation. These results suggest that momentary arrest of motor preparation is important for dynamic perceptual decision making.

scholarly journals The caudate nucleus controls coordinated patterns of adaptive, context-dependent adjustments to complex decisions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Doi ◽  
Yunshu Fan ◽  
Joshua I. Gold ◽  
Long Ding
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Electrical Microstimulation ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
Reward Information ◽  
Adaptive Decision Making ◽  
The Brain

AbstractOur decisions often need to balance what we observe and what we desire. However, our understanding of how and where in the brain such decisions are made remains limited. A prime candidate for integrating sensory observations and desired rewards, and a focus of many modeling studies, is the basal ganglia pathway, which is known to make separate contributions to perceptual decisions that require the interpretation of uncertain sensory evidence and value-based decisions that select among outcome options 1-16. Here we report direct evidence for a causal role for a major input station of the basal ganglia, the caudate nucleus, in incorporating reward context and uncertain visual evidence to guide adaptive decision-making. In monkeys making saccadic decisions based on visual motion evidence and asymmetric reward-choice associations 17, single caudate neurons encoded information about both the visual evidence and the asymmetric rewards. Electrical microstimulation at caudate sites with task-modulated activity during motion viewing affected how the visual and reward information was used to form the decision. The microstimulation effects included coordinated changes in multiple computational components of the decision process, mimicking the monkeys’ voluntary adjustments in response to the asymmetric reward contexts. These results imply that the caudate nucleus plays key roles in coordinating the deliberative decision process that balances external evidence and internal preferences to guide adaptive behavior.

scholarly journals Distinct dynamics of ramping activity in the frontal cortex and caudate nucleus in monkeys

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 1850-1861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Ding
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Perceptual Task ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Average Activity ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
Reward Bias

The prefronto-striatal network is involved in many cognitive functions, including perceptual decision making and reward-modulated behaviors. For well-trained subjects, neural responses frequently show similar patterns in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, making it difficult to tease apart distinct regional contributions. Here I show that, despite similar mean firing rate patterns, prefrontal and striatal responses differ in other temporal dynamics for both perceptual and reward-based tasks. Compared with simulation results, the temporal dynamics of prefrontal activity are consistent with an accumulation of sensory evidence used to solve a perceptual task but not with an accumulation of reward context-related information used for the development of a reward bias. In contrast, the dynamics of striatal activity is consistent with an accumulation of reward context-related information and with an accumulation of sensory evidence during early stimulus viewing. These results suggest that prefrontal and striatal neurons may have specialized functions for different tasks even with similar average activity.

scholarly journals Effects of Category-Specific Costs on Neural Systems for Perceptual Decision-Making

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 3238-3247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Fleming ◽  
Louise Whiteley ◽  
Oliver J. Hulme ◽  
Maneesh Sahani ◽  
Raymond J. Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Extrastriate Cortex ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Decision Criteria ◽  
Specific Cost ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
The Brain

Perceptual judgments are often biased by prospective losses, leading to changes in decision criteria. Little is known about how and where sensory evidence and cost information interact in the brain to influence perceptual categorization. Here we show that prospective losses systematically bias the perception of noisy face-house images. Asymmetries in category-specific cost were associated with enhanced blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal in a frontoparietal network. We observed selective activation of parahippocampal gyrus for changes in category-specific cost in keeping with the hypothesis that loss functions enact a particular task set that is communicated to visual regions. Across subjects, greater shifts in decision criteria were associated with greater activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Our results support a hypothesis that costs bias an intermediate representation between perception and action, expressed via general effects on frontal cortex, and selective effects on extrastriate cortex. These findings indicate that asymmetric costs may affect a neural implementation of perceptual decision making in a similar manner to changes in category expectation, constituting a step toward accounting for how prospective losses are flexibly integrated with sensory evidence in the brain.

scholarly journals Transient neuronal suppression for exploitation of new sensory evidence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Shinn ◽  
Daeyeol Lee ◽  
John D. Murray ◽  
Hyojung Seo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Sensory Evidence

AbstractIn noisy but stationary environments, decisions should be based on the temporal integration of sequentially sampled evidence. This strategy has been supported by many behavioral studies and is qualitatively consistent with neural activity in multiple brain areas. By contrast, decision-making in the face of non-stationary sensory evidence remains poorly understood. Here, we trained monkeys to identify the dominant color of a dynamically refreshed bicolor patch that becomes informative after a variable delay. Animals' behavioral responses were briefly suppressed after evidence changes, and many neurons in the frontal eye field displayed a corresponding dip in activity at this time, similar to that frequently observed after stimulus onset. Generalized drift-diffusion models revealed consistency of behavior and neural activity with brief suppression of motor output, but not with pausing or resetting of evidence accumulation. These results suggest that momentary arrest of motor preparation is an important component of dynamic perceptual decision making.

Sensory evidence integration and action initiation occur in parallel during perceptual decisions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lluís Hernández-Navarro ◽  
Ainhoa Hermoso-Mendizabal ◽  
Daniel Duque ◽  
Alexandre Hyafil ◽  
Jaime de la Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Time Pressure ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Action Preparation ◽  
Action Model ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Evidence Integration ◽  
Action Initiation

It is commonly assumed that, during perceptual decisions, the brain integrates stimulus evidence until reaching a decision, and then performs the response. There are conditions, however (e.g. time pressure), in which the initiation of the response must be prepared in anticipation of the stimulus presentation. It is therefore not clear when the timing and the choice of perceptual responses depend exclusively on evidence accumulation, or when preparatory motor signals may interfere with this process. Here, we find that, in a free reaction time auditory discrimination task in rats, the timing of fast responses does not depend on the stimulus, although the choices do, suggesting a decoupling of the mechanisms of action initiation and choice selection. This behavior is captured by a novel model, the Parallel Sensory Integration and Action Model (PSIAM), in which response execution is triggered whenever one of two processes, Action Initiation or Evidence Accumulation, reaches a bound, while choice category is always set by the latter. Based on this separation, the model accurately predicts the distribution of reaction times when the stimulus is omitted, advanced or delayed. Furthermore, we show that changes in Action Initiation mediates both post-error slowing and a gradual slowing of the responses within each session. Overall, these results extend the standard models of perceptual decision-making, and shed a new light on the interaction between action preparation and evidence accumulation.

Comparison of Cytocidal Activities of L-DOPA and Dopamine in S. cerevisiae and C. glabrata

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
Carmen E. Iriarte ◽  
Ian G. Macreadie
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Candida Glabrata ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Dependent Cell ◽  
The Brain

Background: Parkinson's Disease results from a loss of dopaminergic neurons, and reduced levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Parkinson's Disease treatments involve increasing dopamine levels through administration of L-DOPA, which can cross the blood brain barrier and be converted to dopamine in the brain. The toxicity of dopamine has previously studied but there has been little study of L-DOPA toxicity. Methods: We have compared the toxicity of dopamine and L-DOPA in the yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida glabrata by cell viability assays, measuring colony forming units. Results: L-DOPA and dopamine caused time-dependent cell killing in Candida glabrata while only dopamine caused such effects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The toxicity of L-DOPA is much lower than dopamine. Conclusion: Candida glabrata exhibits high sensitivity to L-DOPA and may have advantages for studying the cytotoxicity of L-DOPA.

scholarly journals Stability and flexibility in multisensory sampling: insights from perceptual illusions

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1588-1590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Casartelli
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Multisensory Processing ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Perceptual Illusions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Multisensory Processes

Neural, oscillatory, and computational counterparts of multisensory processing remain a crucial challenge for neuroscientists. Converging evidence underlines a certain efficiency in balancing stability and flexibility of sensory sampling, supporting the general idea that multiple parallel and hierarchically organized processing stages in the brain contribute to our understanding of the (sensory/perceptual) world. Intriguingly, how temporal dynamics impact and modulate multisensory processes in our brain can be investigated benefiting from studies on perceptual illusions.

scholarly journals Customized depolarization spatial patterns with dynamic retardance functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Marco ◽  
Guadalupe López-Morales ◽  
María del Mar Sánchez-López ◽  
Ángel Lizana ◽  
Ignacio Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Matrix Decomposition ◽  
Decomposition Methods ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Light Modulator ◽  
Dynamical Time ◽  
Depolarization Effect ◽  
Spatially Variant

AbstractIn this work we demonstrate customized depolarization spatial patterns by imaging a dynamical time-dependent pixelated retarder. A proof-of-concept of the proposed method is presented, where a liquid–crystal spatial light modulator is used as a spatial retarder that emulates a controlled spatially variant depolarizing sample by addressing a time-dependent phase pattern. We apply an imaging Mueller polarimetric system based on a polarization camera to verify the effective depolarization effect. Experimental validation is provided by temporal integration on the detection system. The effective depolarizance results are fully described within a simple graphical approach which agrees with standard Mueller matrix decomposition methods. The potential of the method is discussed by means of three practical cases, which include non-reported depolarization spatial patterns, including exotic structures as a spirally shaped depolarization pattern.

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