scholarly journals Quality of Pinus sp. pellets with kraft lignin and starch addition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Gabriella Surdi de Castro ◽  
Humberto Fauller de Siqueira ◽  
Vinícius Resende de Castro ◽  
Antônio José Vinha Zanuncio ◽  
José Cola Zanuncio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Structural Fragility ◽  
Renewable Raw Material

AbstractPellets are widely used for power generation because they use renewable raw material with easy storage, transport and high energy density. However, the structural fragility, disintegrating during handling, transport and storage, is one of the main problems of pellets, but the addition of binders/additives can minimize this fragility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the properties of wood pellets with the addition of starch (corn and wheat) and kraft lignin in different proportions. Pellets were produced with the addition of starch (wheat and corn) and kraft lignin in the proportions of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% in relation to the mass of wood particles of Pinus sp., with 12% moisture (dry basis), classified in 3 and 1 mm sieves and compacted in a pelleting press in the laboratory, according to European standard EN 14961-2. Physical and mechanical properties of the pellets were evaluated and their densitometric profiles obtained from the Faxitron LX-60 X-ray equipment. Corn starch and kraft lignin additives at 4% improved pellet properties (density, fines and hardness), reducing their losses during handling, storage and transport.

Pilot-scale combustion studies with kraft lignin in a powder burner and a CFB boiler

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIKLAS BERGLIN ◽  
PER TOMANI ◽  
HASSAN SALMAN ◽  
SOLVIE HERSTAD SVÄRD ◽  
LARS-ERIK ÅMAND
Keyword(s):  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Alkali Chloride ◽  
Cfb Boiler ◽  
Solid Biofuel

Processes have been developed to produce a solid biofuel with high energy density and low ash content from kraft lignin precipitated from black liquor. Pilot-scale tests of the lignin biofuel were carried out with a 150 kW powder burner and a 12 MW circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. Lignin powder could be fired in a powder burner with good combustion performance after some trimming of the air flows to reduce swirl. Lignin dried to 10% moisture content was easy to feed smoothly and had less bridging tendencies in the feeding system than did wood/bark powder. In the CFB boiler, lignin was easily handled and cofired together with bark. Although the filter cake was broken into smaller pieces and fines, the combustion was not disturbed. When cofiring lignin with bark, the sulfur emission increased compared with bark firing only, but most of the sulfur was captured by calcium in the bark ash. Conventional sulfur capture also occurred with addition of limestone to the bed. The sulfur content in the lignin had a significantly positive effect on reducing the alkali chloride content in the deposits, thus reducing the high temperature corrosion risk.

scholarly journals Exploring the Economic Potential of Sodium-Ion Batteries

Batteries ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Peters ◽  
Alexandra Peña Cruz ◽  
Marcel Weil
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Carbon Anode ◽  
Sodium Ion Batteries ◽  
Hard Carbon ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Material Costs

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are a recent development being promoted repeatedly as an economically promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, only one detailed study about material costs has yet been published for this battery type. This paper presents the first detailed economic assessment of 18,650-type SIB cells with a layered oxide cathode and a hard carbon anode, based on existing datasheets for pre-commercial battery cells. The results are compared with those of competing LIB cells, that is, with lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide cathodes (NMC) and with lithium-iron-phosphate cathodes (LFP). A sensitivity analysis further evaluates the influence of varying raw material prices on the results. For the SIB, a cell price of 223 €/kWh is obtained, compared to 229 €/kWh for the LFP and 168 €/kWh for the NMC batteries. The main contributor to the price of the SIB cells are the material costs, above all the cathode and anode active materials. For this reason, the amount of cathode active material (e.g., coating thickness) in addition to potential fluctuations in the raw material prices have a considerable effect on the price per kWh of storage capacity. Regarding the anode, the precursor material costs have a significant influence on the hard carbon cost, and thus on the final price of the SIB cell. Organic wastes and fossil coke precursor materials have the potential of yielding hard carbon at very competitive costs. In addition, cost reductions in comparison with LIBs are achieved for the current collectors, since SIBs also allow the use of aluminum instead of copper on the anode side. For the electrolyte, the substitution of lithium with sodium leads to only a marginal cost decrease from 16.1 to 15.8 €/L, hardly noticeable in the final cell price. On the other hand, the achievable energy density is fundamental. While it seems difficult to achieve the same price per kWh as high energy density NMC LIBs, the SIB could be a promising substitute for LFP cells in stationary applications, if it also becomes competitive with LFP cells in terms of safety and cycle life.

Calculation of debarking drum in the Matlab environment.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.Д. Бухтояров ◽  
И.В. Григорьев ◽  
О.А. Куницкая ◽  
А.Е. Лукин ◽  
Д.Е. Куницкая
Keyword(s):  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Probabilistic Nature

Из древесины производится около 20 тысяч наименований продукции, причем около 95% приходится на продукцию химической и механо-химической переработки древесины. Большая часть таких производств в качестве сырья потребляет технологическую щепу, к которой предъявляются требования по наличию в ней коры, гнилей и минеральных включений. Наиболее трудо- и энергоемкой операцией технологического процесса по производству технологической щепы является окорка балансовой древесины, которая в подавляющем большинстве случаев производится методом групповой окорки в окорочных барабанах различной конструкции. В статье представлена математическая модель процесса групповой окорки лесоматериалов в окорочных барабанах, позволяющая оценивать один из основных параметров групповой окорки лесоматериалов – время их обработки, при котором будут минимизированы потери древесины без снижения качества окорки, с учетом конструктивных элементов барабана, параметров балансов, их свойств и температуры. Учтен вероятностный характер таких показателей, как время окорки, физико-механические свойства коры и древесины, особенности распределения слоев коры по глубине, что обусловило необходимость применения математической модели, основанной на принципах ситуационного моделирования процессов перехода лесоматериала из одного состояния в другое. Методика расчета и управления основными параметрами процесса позволяет разрабатывать организационные, технологические и технические мероприятия, обеспечивающие стабильность качественных показателей групповой окорки лесоматериалов в окорочных барабанах. Также модель представлена в виде функциональной блок-схемы, основанной на графическом интерфейсе Matlab с приложением Simulink. Используя наборы блоков Simulink, отвечающих за константы, переменные, функции, и вычислительные операции, организован процесс расчета основных параметров объектно-ориентированным ме­тодом. Wood is produced about 20 thousand kinds of products, with about 95% products of the chemical and mechano-chemical processing of wood. Most of these industries as raw material consumes wood chips, which are requirements for the presence of bark, rot and mineral inclusions. Most labor and energy intensive operation of the technological process for the manufacturing of wood chips is the debarking of pulpwood, which in the vast majority of cases, produced by a group of debarking in debarking drums of various designs. The article presents a mathematical model of the process of group debarking wood in debarking drums allows one to assess one of the key parameter group of debarking wood – processing times, which will be minimized wood losses without reducing the quality of the debarking, taking into account the structural elements of the drum, the balance parameters, their properties and temperature. Account the probabilistic nature of such indicators as: debarking, physical and mechanical properties of bark and wood, the distribution of layers of crust at depth, which necessitated the use of mathematical models based on the principles of situational simulation of the transition branch from one state to another. Calculation method and basic parameters of the process allows us to develop organizational, technological and technical measures ensuring the stability of quality indicators of group debarking wood in debarking drums. Also, the model presented in the form of functional block diagrams based on the graphical user interface of Matlab with Simulink application. Using the Simulink block sets of charge constants, variables, functions, and compute the organized process of calculating the basic parameters of the object-oriented method.

scholarly journals Development of High-Energy-Density Liquid Aerospace Fuel: A Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaorong Nie ◽  
Tinghao Jia ◽  
Lun Pan ◽  
Xiangwen Zhang ◽  
Ji-Jun Zou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Flight Range ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Liquid Propellants

AbstractAerospace aircraft has significantly improved the life quality of human beings and extended the capability of space explosion since its appearance in 1903, in which liquid propellants or fuels provide the key power source. For jet fuels, its property of energy density plays an important role in determining the flight range, load, and performance of the aircraft. Therefore, the design and fabrication of high-energy-density (HED) fuels attract more and more attention from researchers all over the world. Herein, we briefly introduce the development of liquid jet fuels and HED fuels and demonstrate the future development of HED fuels. To further improve the energy density of fuel, the approaches of design and construction of multi-cyclic and stained molecule structures are proposed. To break through the density limit of hydrocarbon fuels, the addition of energetic nanoparticles in HED fuels to produce nanofluid or gelled fuels may provide a facile and effective method to significantly increase the energy density. This work provides the perspective for the development of HED fuels for advanced aircrafts.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN PASIR PADA ENDAPAN LUMPUR DANAU LIMBOTO SEBAGAI PEMBUATAN BATU BATA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Ilyas Ichsan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sand Mixture ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lake Sludge

Research on the use of limboto lake sludge as raw material for bricks by adding sand as a mixture of materials using experimental quantitative research. In the study used limboto lake silt with sand mixture with variations of2%, 5%, 7%, 10% and 15%. Related variables are physical and mechanical properties of bricks. The controlling variable is the materials used.The results showed that bricks with raw material from limboto lake sludge with a mixture of sand with variations of 2%,5%, 7%, 10% and 15% did not produce the right composition to have the same quality of bricks with bricks using raw materials clay. Penelitian pemanfaatan endapan lumpur danau limboto sebagai bahan baku batu bata dengan penambahan pasir sebagai bahan campurnya menggunakan penalitian kuantitatif yang bersifat eksperimen. Dalam penelitian digunakan bahan endapan lumpur danau limboto dengan campuran pasir dengan variasi 2%, 5%, 7%, 10% dan 15%. Variabel terkait berupa sifat fisik dan mekanik batu  bata. Variabel pengendali adalah bahan-bahan yang digunakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa batu bata dengan bahan baku endapan lumpur danau limboto dengan campuran pasir dengan variasi 2%, 5%, 7% 10% dan 15% tidak  menghasilkan komposisi yang tepat untuk memiliki kualitas batu bata yang sama dengan batu bata yang menggunakan bahan baku tanah liat.

scholarly journals Qualitative and quantitative assessment of gravel deposits between Aaptar and Malekhu, Central Nepal for aggregates

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Sunu Dawadi
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Effective Porosity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Sediment Size ◽  
Los Angeles Abrasion

The Malekhu Khola is rich in sediments which are widely exposed along its banks. In recent years, river mining sites have been established and mining has been carried on to produce aggregates to meet a small portion of the market demand. Because the riverbank deposits are of heterogeneous composition, quality of the aggregate from such deposits is of main issue. This study therefore, aims to evaluate quality of river sediment to know its suitability for aggregate as raw material for various uses, and the volume of the deposit. Field observation and intensive laboratory works were carried out to evaluate aggregates. The samples of aggregates were analyzed for texture, composition, durability and physical and mechanical properties. Majority of the aggregate particles were found metamorphic rocks of the Lesser Himalaya like quartzite, schist, marble, metasandstone, amphibolites, gneiss and granite, etc. Most of the deposits were matrix-supported and the matrix was basically sandy. The majority of clasts showed bladed to disc, and were generally rounded to sub rounded. The sediment size ranged from granule to upto boulder but the modal size was of cobble grade. While tested for gradation, the coarse aggregates ranged from uniform to gap graded categories. In terms of shape, workability of aggregate was found satisfactory. Aggregate samples possessed low Water Absorption Value (0.53–1.08%) and thus low effective porosity. Aggregate Impact Value (13.40–15.70%) and Aggregate Crushing Value (17.50–19.67%) showed good soundness. Los Angeles Abrasion Value (37.00–48.40%) showed the consistent hardness of each of the samples. The low range of Sodium Sulphate Soundness Value (1.37–2.16%) indicated good resistance of aggregates against chemical weathering and frosting. The aggregates were also resistant to slaking as indicated by very high range of Slake Durability Strength Index (98.67–99.72%). Comparing with the existing Nepal Standard (NS), British Standard (BS) and American Standard of Testing Material (ASTM), the studied samples were suitable for concrete structures and unbound pavements. Six different localities were considered in the study area to estimate for resource of aggregates. The total volume of the deposits was estimated to be 392273 cubic meter.Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 18, 2015, pp. 49-58

SIFAT FISIS DAN MEKANIS ANYAMAN BAMBAN (Donax canniformis) DENGAN BAHAN STABILISATOR PEG 1000 DAN TANIN KULIT AKASIA

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Dwi Harsono
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biological Resources

Bamban (Donax canniformis) is one of the biological resources that grow in the swampy areas and has been used by the community as a raw material in the form of woven handicrafts. Bamban bark that used as raw material woven texture is hard and the surface was very slippery so hard to make. This study was conducted to determine the nature of the characteristics of stem Bamban and determine the effectiveness of the stabilizers PEG 1000 and tannin from extract acacia bark in improving the quality of physical and mechanical properties strands of Bamban. Treatments include immersion with PEG 1000 and acacia bark tannins for 2 hours. Results of the study the effectiveness of treatments of soaking the material stabilizers PEG 1000 and tannins from extract acacia bark all of them can improve the physical and mechanical properties of raw material of Bamban woven handicraft and make it easier for artisans in the process of weaving due to the treated material can make more limp strands of Bamban and not to stiff, in addition to making the product brighter and more attractive.Keywords : bamban, physical properties , mechanical  properties

scholarly journals Potential of Briquette Produced with Torrefied Agroforestry Biomass to Generate Energy

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1272
Author(s):  
Gabriel Reis Portilho ◽  
Vinicius Resende de Castro ◽  
Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
José Cola Zanuncio ◽  
Antonio José Vinha Zanuncio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Volatile Material ◽  
Material Content

Agroforestry industries, such as sugar-alcohol, food, and logging, produce large quantities of waste, used to generate energy from direct burning. The application of other processes, such as torrefaction and briquetting, can increase the profits from the use of agro-industrial waste for energy generation. Briquetting is an alternative for using these wastes, allowing the compaction of the biomass, generating a biofuel with high energy density, and which is more homogeneous and easier to store and transport. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of four biomass types (wastes from sawed eucalypt and pine wood, coffee pruning wastes, and sugarcane bagasse) torrefied at 300 °C and compacted (briquetting) at pressures of 6.21, 8.27, and 10.34 MPa. The torrefaction increased the fixed carbon content, ash, and calorific value, and reduced the volatile material content and hygroscopic equilibrium moisture of the biomasses. The volatile material content was lower and the fixed carbon higher in the coffee pruning waste, the ash content higher in the sugarcane bagasse, and the calorific value higher in the pine and eucalypt wood. The briquetting and the torrefaction processes increased the biomass bulk density, and the useful calorific value, respectively, and consequently the energy density of the briquettes produced with torrefied raw material under high pressure. The mechanical properties of the briquettes produced with all materials increased with the compaction pressure. Torrefaction and briquetting increased the energy potential of the biomasses evaluated to produce energy from clean technology.

scholarly journals Development and evaluation of a composite supercapacitor-based 12 V transient start–stop power system for vehicles: Modelling, design and fabrication scaling up

2020 ◽  
pp. 095765092093016
Author(s):  
Chunhong Lei ◽  
Richard Fields ◽  
Peter Wilson ◽  
Constantina Lekakou ◽  
Negar Amini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Electric Circuit ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
High Power Density ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Application Specific ◽  
Electric Circuit Model

The study involves a bottom-up approach, from bottom cells to large supercapacitor pouch cells, encompassing the design, modelling and fabrication stages of the cells leading to a 12 V transient start–stop (TSS) power system for automotive applications. More specifically, the design of a large composite supercapacitor is presented, consisting of a high power density component and a high energy density component, hybridised at material level. The composition of the composite supercapacitor is optimised to be application-specific so that it satisfies a specified energy-to-maximum power ratio for the 12 V TSS system. The testing of the large composite supercapacitor pouch cells and the 12 V TSS system proves the validity of the bottom-up approach, validates the design and the proposed electric circuit model and its parameters, fitted according to experimental data of small laboratory cells and applied successfully to the large cells, and proves the high quality of the scaled-up fabrication processes. The 12 V TSS power system of seven large composite supercapacitor cells satisfies the set criteria of energy and maximum power for the specified duration, 15 Wh and 4.2 kW respectively, at a total mass of 3.94 kg, below the original set limit of 5 kg.

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