scholarly journals Introducing winter rice cropping by using non-saline tidal water influx in western basins of South 24 Parganas, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasun Mukherjee ◽  
Subhasish Das ◽  
Asis Mazumdar
Keyword(s):  
Winter Season ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Water Ingress ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Tidal Water ◽  
Winter Crop ◽  
Canal Network ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Channel Hydraulics

AbstractA population exceeding 3.8 million people in the western region of 24-Parganas (South) is directly or indirectly reliant on agriculture as their primary source of livelihood. The agricultural trend shows a clear lack of multi-cropping with a drop of nearly 30% in rice cultivation during the winter season. Nearly 50% of the region is directly dependent on canals. The introduction of tidal water in the canal network provides an exceptionally economical and highly effective mode of irrigation water supply. The primary aim of the study was to identify the cartographic characteristics and channel hydraulics in the summer season. It was noted that the canals have a wide discharge range of 0.03–540.03 m3/s, average evaporation loss of 9.07 mm/day with a seepage loss ranging from 0.04 to 6.36 m3/s. The tidal water ingress quantity was calculated to be 4.17 Mm3, 5.32 Mm3, 1.88 Mm3 at Diamond Harbour sluice (Sl.), Kulpi Sl. and Kholakhali Sl. respectively. It was denoted that the augmentation of tidal backwater six times monthly would suffice the winter crop water requirement for the majority of the basins. This would result in the production of 172.13 kt which was previously 17.6 kt resulting in an increase of production by 878.01%. The per capita income would also be increased by nearly 978% for the season, resulting in the macro-socioeconomic upliftment of the region.

scholarly journals Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) as a potential Brassica napus pollinator (cv. Hyola 432) (Brassicaceae), in Southern Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1075-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
AS. Rosa ◽  
B. Blochtein ◽  
NR. Ferreira ◽  
S. Witter
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Pollen Load ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Floral Constancy ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Bee Foraging ◽  
Winter Crop

Brassica napus Linnaeus is considered a self-compatible crop; however, studies show that bee foraging elevates their seed production. Considering bee food shortages during the winter season and that the canola is a winter crop, this study aimed to evaluate the foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 regarding those flowers, and to verify if it presents adequate behaviour for successfully pollinating this crop in Rio Grande do Sul State. The study was carried out in a canola field, in Southern Brazil. The anthesis stages were morphologically characterised and then related to stigma receptivity and pollen grain viability. Similarly, the behaviour of A. mellifera individuals on flowers was followed, considering the number of flowers visited per plant, the amount of time spent on the flowers, touched structures, and collected resources. Floral fidelity was inferred by analysing the pollen load of bees collected on flowers. The bees visited from 1-7 flowers/plant (x = 2.02; sd = 1.16), the time spent on the flowers varied between 1-43 seconds (x = 3.29; sd = 2.36) and, when seeking nectar and pollen, they invariably touched anthers and stigmas. The pollen load presented 100% of B. napus pollen. The bees' attendance to a small number of flowers/plants, their short permanence on flowers, their contact with anthers and stigma and the integral floral constancy allows their consideration as potential B. napus pollinators.

scholarly journals Online Chemical Characterization and Source Identification of Summer and Winter Aerosols in Măgurele, Romania

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luminiţa Mărmureanu ◽  
Jeni Vasilescu ◽  
Jay Slowik ◽  
André S. H. Prévôt ◽  
Cristina Antonia Marin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Absorption Data ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Total Proportion ◽  
Using Data

Aerosols and organic source apportionment were characterized using data collected during two measurement campaigns. These campaigns were conducted during the summer and winter seasons at Măgurele, a site located southwest of Bucharest, the capital of Romania and one of the largest cities in southeastern Europe (raking seven in Europe based on population). The summer campaign was conducted between 7 June–18 July 2012, and the winter campaign from 14 January–6 February 2013. Approximately 50% of the organic fraction contribution to the total submicron particulate matter sampled by aerosol mass spectrometer was evidenced during both seasons. Submicronic organic aerosol sources were quantified using the positive matrix factorization approach. For warm (summer) and cold (winter) seasons, more than 50% from total organics was represented by oxidized factors. For the summer season, separate analyses were conducted on data influenced by urban and non-urban sources. The influence of pollution from Bucharest on the measurement site was observed in aerosol concentration and composition. The primary organic aerosols have different contribution percentage during summer, depending on their main origin. The influence of Bucharest, during summer, included cooking contribution of 13%. The periods with more regional influence were characterized by lower contribution from traffic and biomass burning in a total proportion of 28%. In winter, the influence of local non-traffic sources was dominant. For more than 99% of the measurements, the biomass burning indicator, f 60 , exceeded the background value, with residential heating being an important source in this area. Fossil fuel contribution was confirmed for one week during the winter campaign, when 14 C analysis of total and elemental carbon revealed the presence of 17% fossil contributions to total carbon. Mass spectrometry, 14 C and absorption data suggest biomass burning as the predominant primary source of organic aerosols for the winter season.

scholarly journals Some aspects of citrus ecophysiology in subtropical climates: re-visiting photosynthesis under natural conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael V. Ribeiro ◽  
Eduardo C. Machado
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Citrus Trees

In this review we re-visit and discuss the current knowledge on ecophysiology of citrus trees, addressing the influence of environmental conditions on citrus photosynthesis. Knowledge of physiological responses of citrus trees to their surrounding environment is essential in order to improve crop production and plant development, both being consequences of appropriate horticultural management in citrus orchards. In this context, citrus photosynthesis is addressed as the primary source of carbon and energy for plant growth and development. The photosynthetic activity on both a daily and a seasonal scale is reviewed, taking into consideration the physiological aspects related to seasonal variation of photochemical and biochemical activities, stomatal conductance and leaf water potential. These aspects are treated for citrus plants growing in subtropical climates with varying environmental conditions, such as moderate to severe drought during the winter season. In addition, the possible inhibitory/stimulatory effects of carbohydrate metabolism on citrus photosynthesis are discussed with regard to the source-sink relationship. Field experimentation that enhances knowledge concerning citrus ecophysiology in subtropical climates is highlighted. Among interesting subjects to be unraveled by future research, we may point out the effects of low temperatures on citrus photosynthesis and water relations, the nature of the relationship between leaf carbohydrate content and photosynthesis, and the significance of photosynthesis in different canopy layers and positions in relation to the total carbon gain in mature citrus trees.

scholarly journals Thunderstorm Characteristics during the Ontario Winter Lake-Effect Systems Project

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 853-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott M. Steiger ◽  
Tyler Kranz ◽  
Theodore W. Letcher
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Lake Effect ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
Axis Parallel ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractThe Ontario Winter Lake-Effect Systems (OWLeS) field campaign during the winter season of 2013/14 provided unprecedented data with regard to the structure and behavior of long-lake-axis-parallel (LLAP) lake-effect storms. One of the interesting characteristics of LLAP storm bands is their ability to initiate lightning. The OWLeS datasets provide an opportunity to examine more thoroughly the kinematics and microphysics of lake-effect thunder-snowstorms than ever before. The OWLeS facilities and field personnel observed six lake-effect thunderstorms during December–January 2013/14. Most of them produced very little lightning (fewer than six cloud-to-ground strokes or intracloud pulses recorded by the National Lightning Detection Network). The 7 January 2014 storm had over 50 strokes and pulses, however, which resulted in 20 flashes over a 6-h period (0630–1230 UTC), making it the most electrically active storm during the field campaign. Relative to the 18 December 2013 storm, which only had three flashes, the 7 January 2014 case had a deeper boundary layer and greater instability. Also, 45% of the lightning during the 7 January storm was likely due to flashes initiated by wind turbines or other man-made antennas, along with all of the lightning observed during 18 December. No lightning was documented over Lake Ontario, the primary source of instability for these storms.

Dew over India and its contribution to winter-crop water balance

1973 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 17-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.R.V. Raman ◽  
S. Venkataraman ◽  
V. Krishnamurthy
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Winter Crop

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Swastika Sharma ◽  
Nisha Kandel ◽  
Pooja Chaudhary ◽  
Priyanka Rai
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Integrated Nutrient Management ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Long Time

Wheat is one of the staple foods of the Nepalese diet which is grown in the winter season in most of the areas of our country. This short review article analyses the previous works and studies to investigate the role of various micro and macronutrients in wheat crops. Long-time research which was conducted in several locations has shown that in addition to natural resource deterioration and biotic-abiotic stress, deficiency of multiple nutrients is also an essential factor that influences yield reduction, productivity declination, and shrinkage in net profit. Therefore, Integrated Nutrient Management in terms of using chemical fertilizers in conjugation with organic manures as well as biological inputs is needed to improve the nutrient status of the soil. INM increases the nutrient uptake rate of the plant and influences the nutrient supply in the soil system. As soil is the primary source of nutrients, any degradation in the quality of soil can create a reduction in crop yield. Hence the adoption of suitable measures is highly necessary for sustaining the environment and enhancing productivity.

scholarly journals Snowpack Variations in the Central Andes of Argentina and Chile, 1951–2005: Large-Scale Atmospheric Influences and Implications for Water Resources in the Region

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (24) ◽  
pp. 6334-6352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano H. Masiokas ◽  
Ricardo Villalba ◽  
Brian H. Luckman ◽  
Carlos Le Quesne ◽  
Juan Carlos Aravena
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Central Andes ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Height Anomaly ◽  
Central Chile

Abstract The snowpack in the central Andes (30°–37°S) is the primary source for streamflow in central Chile and central-western Argentina, but few published studies are available on snowpack variability in the region. This paper develops the first regional snowpack series (1951–2005) from Chilean and Argentinean snow course records. This series shows a strong regional signal, marked interannual variability, and a positive, though nonsignificant, linear trend. Correlations with local precipitation and temperature records reveal a marked association with conditions in central Chile. High snow accumulation is generally concurrent with El Niño events in the tropical Pacific, but only 5 of the 10 driest years coincided with La Niña events. Evaluation of 500-hPa geopotential height anomaly maps during extreme snow years highlights the crucial significance of tropospheric conditions in the subtropical and southeast Pacific in modulating snowfall. Correlations with gridded SST and SLP data and multiple regressions with large-scale climatic indices corroborate a Pacific ENSO-related influence largely concentrated during the austral winter months. This hampers the predictability of snowpack before the onset of the cold season. Annual and warm-season river discharges on both sides of the cordillera are significantly correlated with the regional snowpack record and show positive linear trends over the 1951–2004 common period, probably related to a greater frequency of above-average snowpacks during recent decades. Future demand and competition for water resources in these highly populated regions will require detailed information about temporal and spatial variations in snow accumulation over the Andes. The results indicate that the relationships between snowpack and atmospheric circulation patterns prior to the winter season are complex, and more detailed analyses are necessary to improve prediction of winter snowfall totals.

A sector-level analysis of output club convergence in case of a global economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-767
Author(s):  
Vaseem Akram ◽  
Pradipta Kumar Sahoo ◽  
Badri Narayan Rath
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Club Convergence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Capita Output

PurposeThis paper investigates the per-capita output club convergence in case of 120 countries for the period 1995–2015. Further, we disaggregate per-capita output into three broad sectors such as agriculture, industry, and service and investigate the convergence hypothesis.Design/methodology/approachThe paper tests this hypothesis using the Phillips and Sul panel club convergence technique.FindingsOur findings are as follows: (1) our results indicate the evidence of output divergence for the full sample; (2) when countries are divided into different clubs, the results exhibit the sign of per capita output club convergence both for aggregate and three major sectors. Further, this study confirms that industry's per capita output is the main driver for aggregate per-capita output club convergence in case of club 1. For club 2, agriculture's per capita output is a primary source for aggregate per capita output club convergence. Likewise, in the case of clubs 3 and 4, we find the service sector's per capita output is the main component for aggregate per-capita output club convergence; (3) both the service and industry sectors are major drivers for aggregate per-capita output club convergence.Practical implicationsThis study suggests to the policymaker that sector-specific policies need to be adopted to boost the per-capita output growth by improving the performance of each of the sectors across the countries.Originality/valueNotwithstanding, there are many studies that examine the output convergence using a notion of beta and sigma convergence, but studies regarding per capita output club convergence both at the aggregate and sectoral level are scanty.

scholarly journals Efficiency Analysis of the Input for Water-Saving Agriculture in China

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangdong Cao ◽  
Wang Zhang ◽  
Jinzheng Ren
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Marginal Revenue ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Input Efficiency ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Large Water

To optimize the installation distribution of water-saving techniques and improve the efficiency of water-saving agricultural inputs, we used a three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model and Chinese provincial panel data from 2014 to 2016 to analyze the input efficiency of the water-saving irrigation. This study explores the efficiency derived from the efforts of water-saving initiatives in the agricultural sector in China. We present the impacts of factors such as technology, scale, diminishing marginal revenue, and crop water requirements on the research results. We found overall efficiency of water-saving irrigation is increasing nationally. The efficiency of water-saving irrigation input will significantly increase if management and organization of the input improve. Increasing the investment in areas with increasing marginal revenue would improve the local agricultural water-saving input efficiency in areas such as Hainan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Tibet, and Qinghai; although in areas with large water requirement for major crops, such as Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, the efficiency of water-saving irrigation is generally high. Shanxi requires a large amount of water as the efficiency of agricultural water-saving input is 0.07, which is relatively lower than the average efficiency of all regions (0.39). The cultivated area index and the GDP per capita had no significant effect on the irrigation input efficiency.

Water Saving in the Semi-Arid Doukkala Irrigation Scheme (Western Morocco)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Ezzahra El Ghandour ◽  
Adnane Habib ◽  
Youssef Houali ◽  
Yassine Labbassi ◽  
Lorenzo Iannini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Crop Water Demand ◽  
Western Morocco

<p>Investigations carried out under the MOSESH2020 project in the Doukkala irrigation scheme (western Morocco) allowed the generation of several data products during the agricultural seasons 2016-2017 and 2017-2018: Seasonal probabilistic weather forecast, Early-season and In-season crop mapping, Monitoring of crop water demand and Short-term forecasts of irrigation water requirements.</p><p>This study was focused on the assessment of the adequacy of the water applied to meet the crop water demand in the two irrigation seasons 2016-2017 and 2017-2018.</p><p>Monitoring of Crop Water Demand (CWD) was based on the estimation of the maximum crop evapotranspiration, obtained from remote sensing data of the monitored area. Such output is updated frequently (e.g. every week) during the irrigation season and compared to the weekly surface irrigation water volumes allocated. Although the assessment of adequacy of allocations against the crop water demand (CWD) showed that the latter was much larger with 10-15% than allocated surface water for the entire area, with this difference being small at the beginning of the growing season.</p><p>The use of MOSES products during the irrigation management operations would help the water management authority to save water, especially during the winter season, leaving additional water available to meet requirements in spring and summer.</p>

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