scholarly journals Sociability strongly affects the behavioural responses of wild guanacos to drones

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia M. Schroeder ◽  
Antonella Panebianco
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Social Unit ◽  
Lama Guanicoe ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Behavioural Reaction ◽  
Reaction Thresholds ◽  
Mixed Groups ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Rule Out

AbstractDrones are being increasingly used in research and recreation but without an adequate assessment of their potential impacts on wildlife. Particularly, the effect of sociability on behavioural responses to drone-associated disturbance remains largely unknown. Using an ungulate with complex social behaviour, we (1) assessed how social aggregation and offspring presence, along with flight plan characteristics, influence the probability of behavioural reaction and the flight distance of wild guanacos (Lama guanicoe) to the drone's approach, and (2) estimated reaction thresholds and flight heights that minimise disturbance. Sociability significantly affected behavioural responses. Large groups showed higher reaction probability and greater flight distances than smaller groups and solitary individuals, regardless of the presence of offspring. This suggests greater detection abilities in large groups, but we cannot rule out the influence of other features inherent to each social unit (e.g., territoriality) that might be working simultaneously. Low flight heights increased the probability of reaction, although the effect of drone speed was less clear. Reaction thresholds ranged from 154 m (solitary individuals) to 344 m (mixed groups), revealing that the responsiveness of this guanaco population to the drone is the most dramatic reported so far for a wild species.

Co-workers’ perceptions of and reactions to employee’s involuntary demotion

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 740-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Hennekam ◽  
Subramaniam Ananthram ◽  
Steve McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Informational Justice ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Behavioural Reaction ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
The Way

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how individuals perceive and react to the involuntary demotion of a co-worker in their organisation. Design/methodology/approach The authors draw on 46 semi-structured in-depth interviews (23 dyads) with co-workers of demoted individuals. Findings The findings suggest that an individual’s observation of the demotion of a co-worker has three stages: their perception of fairness, their emotional reaction and their behavioural reaction. The perception of fairness concerned issues of distributive, procedural, interpersonal and informational justice. The emotional responses identified were feelings of disappointment/disillusion, uncertainty, vulnerability and anger. Finally, the behavioural reactions triggered by their emotional responses included expressions of voice, loyalty, exit and adaptation. Originality/value Perceptions of (in)justice perpetrated on others stimulate emotional and behavioural responses, which impacts organisational functioning. Managers should therefore pay attention to the way a demotion is perceived, not only by those directly concerned, but also by co-workers as observers.

Sexual segregation in bison: a test of multiple hypotheses

Behaviour ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 142 (7) ◽  
pp. 897-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric W. Schaad ◽  
David S. Wiseman ◽  
Royce R. Huber ◽  
Michael S. Mooring ◽  
Dominic D. Reisig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Sexual Segregation ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Multiple Hypotheses ◽  
Mixed Groups ◽  
Large Groups

AbstractSexual segregation, in which males and females form separate groups for most of the year, is common in sexually dimorphic ungulates. We tested multiple hypotheses to explain sexual segregation in bison (Bison bison) at National Bison Range, Montana and Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge, Nebraska during June-August of 2002-2003. Fieldwork involved use of GPS to record space use by segregated groups, vegetation transects to measure forage availability, fecal analyses to document diet composition and quality, and behavioural observations to characterize activity budgets. During sexual segregation, males in bull groups used areas with greater per capita abundance of forage, higher proportion of weeds, and less nutritious grasses (as indicated by lower % fecal nitrogen) compared with females in cow or mixed groups. However, there was no difference between the sexes in activity budgets, predation risk factors, or distance to water. Single-sex bull groups were no more synchronized in activity than mixed groups. These results support the 'sexual dimorphism-body size hypothesis', which proposes that males segregate from females because their larger body size requires more abundant forage, while longer ruminal retention permits efficient use of lower-quality forage. The gastrocentric model, based on the digestive physiology and foraging requirements of dimorphic ungulates, supplies the most likely proximate mechanism for bison sexual segregation. Our results would also partly support the 'reproductive strategy-predation risk hypothesis' if females form large groups to reduce predation risk. The predictions of the 'activity budget hypothesis' were not supported for bison.

scholarly journals Reporting social behaviours of mixed-species troops formed by Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata (Primate, Callitrichidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Valença-Silva ◽  
FG Maciel ◽  
RL Zaganini ◽  
AS Lucindo ◽  
S Caramaschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
New World ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
The State ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mixed Groups ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Social Behaviours

In New World primates, mixed-species troops have been reported. Here, we analysed the performance of affiliative and agonistic behaviours of Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata living in mixed groups. For this purpose, we recorded the interaction of the individuals from two groups located in Bauru city, in the state of São Paulo (Brazil). Our data show that in both groups, affiliative behaviours appeared more frequently than agonistic ones. We concluded that there is cohesion inside the mixed-species troops observed. We suggest that a deeper knowledge about the social behaviour of mixed-species troop species certainly may be useful in projects linked with the management of the impact caused by them.

scholarly journals Punishment and spite, the dark side of cooperation

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1553) ◽  
pp. 2635-2650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Harm To Others ◽  
Psychological Force ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Do So

Causing harm to others would hardly seem to be relevant to cooperation, other than as a barrier to it. However, because selfish individuals will exploit cooperators, functional punishment is an effective mechanism for enforcing cooperation by deterring free-riding. Although functional punishment can shape the social behaviour of others by targeting non-cooperative behaviour, it can also intimidate others into doing almost anything. Second-party functional punishment is a self-serving behaviour at the disposal of dominant individuals who can coerce others into behaving cooperatively, but it need not do so. Third-party and altruistic functional punishment are less likely to be selfishly motivated and would seem more likely to maintain norms of cooperation in large groups. These forms of functional punishment may be an essential part of non-kin cooperation on a scale exhibited only by humans. While punitive sentiments might be the psychological force behind punitive behaviours, spiteful motives might also play an important role. Furthermore, functionally spiteful acts might not be maladaptive; reckoning gains relative to others rather than in absolute terms can lead to hyper-competitiveness, which might also be an important part of human cooperation, rather than just an ugly by-product.

Individual Recognition in a Cooperatively Breeding Cichlid: Evidence from Video Playback Experiments

Behaviour ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigal Balshine-Earn ◽  
Arnon Lotem
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Individual Recognition ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Video Playback ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Video Images ◽  
Cooperatively Breeding ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractMost theories of social behaviour and cooperation assume that animals can recognise other individuals, but this is rarefy tested. Using Neolamprologus brichardi, a cooperatively breeding cichlid fish, we monitored behavioural responses to (1) real fish versus video images of fish; (2) mate versus neighbour and (3) video images of mate versus video image of neighbour. All tests were controlled for size and sex. Fish reacted appropriately to the playbacks, although responses to videos were not as strong as to real fish. Both males and females fought against the images of stranger and neighbour fish and they courted images of mates. These results confirm that the cooperatively breeding fish, Neolamprologus brichardi, recognises individuals based on vision and that video playbacks contain sufficient information to facilitate recognition.

scholarly journals An experimental approach to evaluate the potential of drones in terrestrial mammal research: a gregarious ungulate as a study model

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 191482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia M. Schroeder ◽  
Antonella Panebianco ◽  
Romina Gonzalez Musso ◽  
Pablo Carmanchahi
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft Systems ◽  
Arid Ecosystems ◽  
Lama Guanicoe ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Good Visibility

Research on the use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in wildlife has made remarkable progress recently. Few studies to date have experimentally evaluated the effect of UAS on animals and have usually focused primarily on aquatic fauna. In terrestrial open arid ecosystems, with relatively good visibility to detect animals but little environmental noise, there should be a trade-off between flying the UAS at high height above ground level (AGL) to limit the disturbance of animals and flying low enough to maintain count precision. In addition, body size or social aggregation of species can also affect the ability to detect animals from the air and their response to the UAS approach. To address this gap, we used a gregarious ungulate, the guanaco ( Lama guanicoe ), as a study model. Based on three types of experimental flights, we demonstrated that (i) the likelihood of miscounting guanacos in images increases with UAS height, but only for offspring and (ii) higher height AGL and lower UAS speed reduce disturbance, except for large groups, which always reacted. Our results call into question mostly indirect and observational previous evidence that terrestrial mammals are more tolerant to UAS than other species and highlight the need for experimental and species-specific studies before using UAS methods.

Acting on observed social exclusion and pro-social behaviour in autism spectrum disorder

Autism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-245
Author(s):  
Catarina Silva ◽  
Chloé Jover ◽  
David Da Fonseca ◽  
Francisco Esteves ◽  
Christine Deruelle
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Social World ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
The Social

Humans are commonly motivated towards cooperation and prosociality. In this study, we examined this motivational predisposition in autistic individuals. Using an adaptation of the Cyberball paradigm, we investigated subsequent pro-social behaviour after witnessing social exclusion. Participants witnessed and played a series of Cyberball games, rated their affective state and valued emotional faces with respect to their approachability. Results showed that participants from both groups were aware of the social exclusion. However, while neurotypically developing participants engaged in pro-social behaviour in reaction to the exclusion, autistic participants showed less alterations, in terms of either behaviour or affective state. The current findings suggest a distinct motivational drive and processing of social reward stimuli in autism, which may result in behavioural responses divergent from typical development when engaging in the social world.

Behavioral structure and demography of subarctic Clethrionomys gapperi and Peromyscus maniculatus

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 1520-1535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Mihok
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Peromyscus Maniculatus ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Juvenile Survival ◽  
Clethrionomys Gapperi ◽  
Social Unit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rodent Community ◽  
Large Groups

A subarctic rodent community of Clethrionomys gapperi and Peromyscus maniculatus was censused with multiple-capture traps in contrasting years of population growth. Clethrionomys gapperi was involved in few multiple captures and was caught in small groups. Repeat multiple captures of the same individuals were rare. Mature females were territorial and were mainly caught with mature males. Mature males had large, extensively overlapping ranges and were mainly caught with mature voles. Immatures had small, moderately exclusive ranges and were involved in more multiple captures than were mature voles. Patterns of association in C. gapperi were random.Peromyscus maniculatus was involved in numerous multiple captures and was occasionally captured in large groups. Individuals were often repeatedly captured with the same individuals. Except for mature males, most animals had extensively overlapping ranges. The basic social unit consisted of a mature male, a few mature females, and a number of young. Numerical changes were principally related to variation in juvenile survival and winter mortality. The pattern of multiple captures did not vary over a wide range of conditions. Variation in the frequency of multiple captures was indicative of spatial organization and social structure, and was not related to demographic changes.

Pan-tropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) and other cetaceans around St Helena in the tropical south-eastern Atlantic

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin D. MacLeod ◽  
Emma Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Humpback Whales ◽  
Austral Winter ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Stenella Attenuata ◽  
St Helena ◽  
Mixed Groups ◽  
Large Groups

The occurrence, distribution and structure of cetacean communities in the tropical South Atlantic beyond the shelf edge are poorly known with little dedicated research occurring within this region. At 15°58′S 005°43′W, the island of St Helena is one of the few areas of land within this region and the only one that lies in the tropical south-eastern Atlantic. As a result, St Helena offers a unique opportunity to study cetaceans within this area using small boats and land-based observations. This paper describes the results of a preliminary, short-term survey of the cetacean community around St Helena in the austral winter of 2003. Pan-tropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) were the most numerous species recorded, followed by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis), a species not previously reported from St Helena. This last species was only recorded occurring in mixed groups with bottlenose dolphins. Pan-tropical spotted and bottlenose dolphins differed in their spatial distribution around St Helena. While pan-tropical spotted dolphins were primarily recorded resting in large groups in the lee of the island during daylight hours, bottlenose dolphins and rough-toothed dolphins were recorded closer to shore and on both the windward and lee sides. Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were also recorded once during the survey, but interviews with local fishermen suggest that this species regularly occurs in the waters around St Helena in small numbers during the austral winter. The results of this preliminary survey suggest that the cetacean community around St Helena during this survey was relatively simple, consisting of up to three species that are present year-round and one seasonally occurring species in the nearshore waters, with a small number of additional species occurring occasionally in deeper offshore areas.

Skill-based engagement with a rich landscape of affordances as an alternative to thinking through other minds

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Kiverstein ◽  
Erik Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
Other Minds ◽  
Middle Way ◽  
Internalist Account

Abstract Veissière and colleagues make a valiant attempt at reconciling an internalist account of implicit cultural learning with an externalist account that understands social behaviour in terms of its environment-involving dynamics. However, unfortunately the author's attempt to forge a middle way between internalism and externalism fails. We argue their failure stems from the overly individualistic understanding of the perception of cultural affordances they propose.

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