scholarly journals Local adaptations of Mediterranean sheep and goats through an integrative approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Serranito ◽  
Marco Cavalazzi ◽  
Pablo Vidal ◽  
Dominique Taurisson-Mouret ◽  
Elena Ciani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Selection Signatures ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
Environmental Selection ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Adaptive Role

AbstractSmall ruminants are suited to a wide variety of habitats and thus represent promising study models for identifying genes underlying adaptations. Here, we considered local Mediterranean breeds of goats (n = 17) and sheep (n = 25) from Italy, France and Spain. Based on historical archives, we selected the breeds potentially most linked to a territory and defined their original cradle (i.e., the geographical area in which the breed has emerged), including transhumant pastoral areas. We then used the programs PCAdapt and LFMM to identify signatures of artificial and environmental selection. Considering cradles instead of current GPS coordinates resulted in a greater number of signatures identified by the LFMM analysis. The results, combined with a systematic literature review, revealed a set of genes with potentially key adaptive roles in relation to the gradient of aridity and altitude. Some of these genes have been previously implicated in lipid metabolism (SUCLG2, BMP2), hypoxia stress/lung function (BMPR2), seasonal patterns (SOX2, DPH6) or neuronal function (TRPC4, TRPC6). Selection signatures involving the PCDH9 and KLH1 genes, as well as NBEA/NBEAL1, were identified in both species and thus could play an important adaptive role.

scholarly journals Local adaptations of Mediterranean sheep and goats through an integrative approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Serranito ◽  
Marco Cavalazzi ◽  
Pablo Vidal ◽  
Dominique Taurisson-Mouret ◽  
Elena Ciani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Association ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Selection Signatures ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Adaptive Role

In a context of climate change, identifying the genes underlying adaptations to extreme environments is essential. Small ruminants are adapted to a wide variety of habitats and thus, are promising study models. Here, we considered 17 goat and 25 sheep local Mediterranean breeds, in Italy, France and Spain. We proposed, and empirically tested a new methodology to highlight selection signatures in relation to the environments. Based on historical archives, we selected the breeds potentially most linked to a territory and defined their original geographical cradle, including transhumant pastoral areas. For both species, the cradles were arranged along latitudinal gradient of aridity and altitude. Then we used the programs PCAdapt and LFMM. Considering cradles, instead of current GPS coordinates, markedly improved the sensitivity of the LFMM analyses. All the results combined with a systematic literature review, revealed a set of genes with potentially key adaptive roles. Some of these genes, have been found implicated in lipid metabolism (SUCLG2, BMP2), hypoxia/heat stress (UBE2R2/UBAP2), lung function (BMPR2), seasonal patterns (SOX2, DPH6) or neuronal function (TRPC4, TRPC6). For the intergenic region between PCDH9 and KLH1, as well as NBEA, identified in both species, the adaptive role could be strong. We found for RXFP2, associated with sheep horn development, and MSRB3 and SLC26A4, both associated with hearing of sheep, a strong association with the environment gradient. We conclude that our new methodology, which considers breeds in their historical, environmental and anthropological context, provides novel and essential information on local breeds and their unique adaptations.

scholarly journals Worldwide Prevalence of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Ricardo de Miguel ◽  
Marta Arrieta ◽  
Ana Rodríguez-Largo ◽  
Irache Echeverría ◽  
Raúl Resendiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) are highly prevalent retroviruses with significant genetic diversity and antigenic heterogeneity that cause a progressive wasting disease of sheep called Maedi-visna. This work provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 40 years (1981–2020) of scientific publications on SRLV individual and flock prevalence. Fifty-eight publications and 314 studies were included. Most articles used a single diagnostic test to estimate prevalence (77.6%), whereas articles using three or more tests were scarce (6.9%). Serological tests are more frequently used than direct methods and ELISA has progressively replaced AGID over the last decades. SRLV infection in sheep is widespread across the world, with Europe showing the highest individual prevalence (40.9%) and being the geographical area in which most studies have been performed. Africa, Asia, and North America show values between 16.7% to 21.8% at the individual level. South and Central America show the lowest individual SRLV prevalence (1.7%). There was a strong positive correlation between individual and flock prevalence (ρ = 0.728; p ≤ 0.001). Despite the global importance of small ruminants, the coverage of knowledge on SRLV prevalence is patchy and inconsistent. There is a lack of a gold standard method and a defined sampling strategy among countries and continents.

scholarly journals Seasonal pattern of hepatitis E virus prevalence in swine in two different geographical areas of China

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (11) ◽  
pp. 2403-2409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. H. LU ◽  
H. Z. QIAN ◽  
A. Q. HU ◽  
X. QIN ◽  
Q. W. JIANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Virus Prevalence ◽  
Swine Hepatitis ◽  
A Minor

SUMMARYWe studied seasonal patterns of swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in China. From 2008 to 2011, 4200 swine bile specimens were collected for the detection of HEV RNA. A total of 92/2400 (3·83%) specimens in eastern China and 47/1800 (2·61%) specimens in southwestern China were positive for HEV. Seasonal patterns differing by geographical area were suggested. In eastern China, the major peak of HEV RNA prevalence was during March–April, with a minor peak during September–October, and a dip during July–August. In southwestern China, the peak was during September–October and the dip during March–April. The majority of subtype 4a cases (63/82, 76·83%) were detected in the first half of the year, while the majority of subtype 4b cases (26/29, 89·66%) were concentrated in the second half of the year, suggesting that different subtypes contribute to different peaks. Our results indicate that the distribution of HEV subtypes is associated with seasonal patterns.

scholarly journals Integrated environmental and genomic analysis reveals the drivers of local adaptation in African indigenous chickens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almas A. Gheyas ◽  
Adriana Vallejo Trujillo ◽  
Adebabay Kebede ◽  
Maria Lozano-Jaramillo ◽  
Tadelle Dessie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Adaptation ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Niche Modelling ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Association Analyses ◽  
Indigenous Chickens ◽  
Environmental Selection ◽  
Signatures Of Selection

AbstractElucidating the genetic basis of environmental adaptation in indigenous livestock populations has important implications for sustainable breeding improvement. It requires a detailed untangling of relevant environmental pressures and fine resolution detection of genomic signatures of selection associated with these environmental parameters. Here, we uniquely employed an integrative approach, combining Ecological Niche Modelling (ENM) with (i) genome-wide analyses of positive signatures of selection (SSA) and (ii) genotype-environment association (GEA) analyses to unravel the environmental adaptation of Ethiopian indigenous chickens. We first examined 34 agro-ecological and climatic variables and identified six main environmental selection drivers (one temperature - strongly correlated to elevation, three precipitation, and two soil/land variables). We then performed genomic analyses using high-density SNP data from whole-genome sequencing of 245 Ethiopian chickens from 25 different populations. Environmental genomic association analyses (SSA and GEA) identify a few strongly supported selected genomic regions, often with clusters of candidate genes, related to altitude-induced stresses (hypoxia, thrombosis, and cold temperatures), water scarcity, and the challenges of scavenging feeding behaviour. These analyses support a predominantly oligogenic control of environmental adaptation and possible regulation by one or few genetic elements only. Our study shows that the pre-identification of the key environmental drivers of adaptation, followed by a detailed genomic investigation of the associated genetic mechanisms provides a powerful new approach for elucidating the effect of natural selection in domestic animals. These results represent new landmarks to inform sustainable poultry breeding improvement.

Effets inhibiteurs de la présence d'un congénère sur la maturation des ovocytes chez Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coléoptère: Bruchidae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 2329-2337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Biémont ◽  
Marc Jarry
Keyword(s):  
Oocyte Maturation ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Acanthoscelides Obtectus ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Large Geographical Area ◽  
Adaptive Role ◽  
Old Females ◽  
Acanthoscelides Obtectus Say

The bean weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus, which is found over a large geographical area, can live in habitats where its host plant is not continuously available throughout the year. In such cases, the females must wait for favorable egg-laying conditions during part of the year. Individuals of this species may concentrate in temporary shelters such as dry leaves for example. The effect of the grouping of two individuals (female and male; female and female) on the reproductive physiology of females from a Cuban strain led to an inhibition or a decrease in oogenesis. This phenomenon was also observed when a female cohabited with a male whose aedeagus had been removed. However, oocyte maturation was stimulated when 4-day-old females were placed in the presence of a male for 4 h. The variability observed between two generations is discussed along with the often neglected role of relationships among individuals. The adaptive role of the inhibition of oocyte maturation induced by the grouping of two individuals is discussed.

scholarly journals The Phylogenetics and Biogeography of the Central Asian Hawkmoths, Hyles hippophaes and H. chamyla: Can Mitogenomics and Machine Learning Bring Clarity?

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Franziska Patzold ◽  
Eduardo Marabuto ◽  
Hana Daneck ◽  
Mark A. O’Neill ◽  
Ian J. Kitching ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
True Diversity

The western Palaearctic species of the hawkmoth genus Hyles (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) have long been the subject of molecular phylogenetic research. However, much less attention has been paid to the taxa inhabiting the central and eastern Palaearctic, particularly Central Asia, where almost 50% of the species diversity of the genus occurs. Yet, many taxonomic conundrums hinder a proper assessment of the true diversity in these moths. One still unresolved group of species includes Hyles hippophaes and Hyles chamyla. Despite a largely overlapping morphology and ecology, a plethora of infraspecific taxa display some unique divergent characters over a wide geographical area. In this study, we undertook a taxonomic assessment of each population and resolved this species complex using an integrative approach. A combination of new computational techniques (DAISY-II) in comparative morphology and recent advances in DNA extraction methods and sequencing of museum specimens (WISC) alongside more traditional genetic approaches allowed testing of the three main phenotypes—bienerti, chamyla and apocyni—in terms of their morphological, mitochondrial and biogeographical integrity, and to elucidate their evolutionary relationships. Our results support the existence of two closely related species, Hyles chamyla and H. hippophaes, but “H. chamyla apocyni” is best regarded as a hybrid between H. chamyla and H. h. bienerti. The results indicate that the evolutionary relationship between H. chamyla and H. hippophaes is one of admixture in the context of ongoing ecological differentiation, which has led to shared morphological characters and a blurring of the species boundaries. These results clarify the evolutionary relationships of this species complex and open future research lines, including the analysis of nuclear markers and denser sampling, particularly of H. hippophaes and H. vespertilio in western Europe.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium Genotypes and Subtypes in Lambs and Goat Kids in Spain

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (19) ◽  
pp. 6026-6031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaqu�n Qu�lez ◽  
Eucaris Torres ◽  
Rachel M. Chalmers ◽  
Stephen J. Hadfield ◽  
Emilio del Cacho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Small Subunit Rrna ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pcr Products

ABSTRACT To provide information on the transmission dynamics of cryptosporidial infections in domestic small ruminants and the potential role of sheep and goats as a source for human cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium-positive isolates from 137 diarrheic lambs and 17 goat kids younger than 21 days of age were examined by using genotyping and subtyping techniques. Fecal specimens were collected between 2004 and 2006 from 71 sheep and 7 goat farms distributed throughout Arag�n (northeastern Spain). Cryptosporidium parvum was the only species identified by restriction analyses of PCR products from small-subunit rRNA genes from all 154 microscopy-positive isolates and the sequencing of a subset of 50 isolates. Sequence analyses of the glycoprotein (GP60) gene revealed extensive genetic diversity within the C. parvum strains in a limited geographical area, in which the isolates from lambs exhibited 11 subtypes in two subtype families (IId and IIa) and those from goat kids displayed four subtypes within the family IId. Most isolates (98%) belonged to the subtype family IId, whereas only three isolates belonged to the most widely distributed family, IIa. Three of the four most prevalent subtypes (IIdA17G1a, IIdA19G1, and IIdA18G1) were previously identified in humans, and five subtypes (IIdA14G1, IIdA15G1, IIdA24G1, IIdA25G1, and IIdA26G1) were novel subtypes. All IId subtypes were identical to each other in the nonrepeat region, except for subtypes IIdA17G1b and IIdA22G1, which differed by a single nucleotide polymorphism downstream of the trinucleotide repeats. These findings suggest that lambs and goat kids are an important reservoir of the zoonotic C. parvum subtype family IId for humans.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection of Brucella spp. in Ruminant Herds in Greece

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristomenis Katsiolis ◽  
Eleni Papanikolaou ◽  
Athanasia Stournara ◽  
Panagiota Giakkoupi ◽  
Emmanouil Papadogiannakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Modified Dna ◽  
Control And Eradication

Abstract Brucellosis is a worldwide distributed infectious disease. Ruminants and other animal species (swine, dogs, equids etc), as well as wild mammals can be affected. The disease can be transmitted to humans through the food chain or by direct contact with infected animals. Because of the relatively high economic burden due to abortions within a herd, significant efforts have been employed and hence the disease in most European countries has been eradicated. Accordingly, Greece applies both control and eradication programs concerning small ruminants (sheep and goats) and bovines depending on the geographical area. Current challenges in the standard antibody-based laboratory methods used for Brucella detection are the failure to differentiate antibodies against the wild strain from the ones against the vaccine strain Rev1 and antibodies against B. melitensis from those against B. abortus. The aim of the study was to modify previously published protocols based on PCR analysis and to generate a new diagnostic tool able to confirm the doubtful results delivered from serology and mainly to do easier and more reliable the detection of Brucella. For this reason, 264 samples derived from 191 ruminants of the farm and divided in 2 groups (male/female) were examined with a modified DNA extraction and PCR protocol. Molecular examination revealed the presence of Brucella spp. in 39 out of 264 samples (derived from 30 animals). In addition, Brucella spp. was detected in infected tissues derived from testicles, inguinal lymph nodes, fetal liver and fetal stomach content molecular detection of than other infected tissues.

scholarly journals Search for Selection Signatures Related to Trypanosomosis Tolerance in African Goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Serranito ◽  
Dominique Taurisson-Mouret ◽  
Sahraoui Harkat ◽  
Abbas Laoun ◽  
Nadjet-Amina Ouchene-Khelifi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Optimal Sampling ◽  
Molecular Signatures ◽  
Selection Signatures ◽  
West Central ◽  
Parasitic Load ◽  
Signatures Of Selection

Livestock is heavily affected by trypanosomosis in Africa. Through strong selective pressure, several African indigenous breeds of cattle and small ruminants have acquired varying degrees of tolerance against this disease. In this study, we combined LFMM and PCAdapt for analyzing two datasets of goats from West-Central Africa and East Africa, respectively, both comprising breeds with different assumed levels of trypanotolerance. The objectives were (i) to identify molecular signatures of selection related to trypanotolerance; and (ii) to guide an optimal sampling for subsequent studies. From 33 identified signatures, 18 had been detected previously in the literature as being mainly associated with climatic adaptations. The most plausible signatures of trypanotolerance indicate the genes DIS3L2, COPS7B, PD5A, UBE2K, and UBR1. The last gene is of particular interest since previous literature has already identified E3-ubiquitin ligases as playing a decisive role in the immune response. For following-up on these findings, the West-Central African area appears particularly relevant because of (i) a clear parasitic load gradient related to a humidity gradient, and (ii) still restricted admixture levels between goat breeds. This study illustrates the importance of protecting local breeds, which have retained unique allelic combinations conferring their remarkable adaptations.

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