scholarly journals Sound level context modulates neural activity in the human brainstem

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Herrmann ◽  
Sonia Yasmin ◽  
Kurdo Araz ◽  
David W. Purcell ◽  
Ingrid S. Johnsrude
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Acoustic Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Neural Adaptation ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Acoustic Stimuli ◽  
Environment Adaptation ◽  
Level Information ◽  
History Of

AbstractOptimal perception requires adaptation to sounds in the environment. Adaptation involves representing the acoustic stimulation history in neural response patterns, for example, by altering response magnitude or latency as sound-level context changes. Neurons in the auditory brainstem of rodents are sensitive to acoustic stimulation history and sound-level context (often referred to as sensitivity to stimulus statistics), but the degree to which the human brainstem exhibits such neural adaptation is unclear. In six electroencephalography experiments with over 125 participants, we demonstrate that the response latency of the human brainstem is sensitive to the history of acoustic stimulation over a few tens of milliseconds. We further show that human brainstem responses adapt to sound-level context in, at least, the last 44 ms, but that neural sensitivity to sound-level context decreases when the time window over which acoustic stimuli need to be integrated becomes wider. Our study thus provides evidence of adaptation to sound-level context in the human brainstem and of the timescale over which sound-level information affects neural responses to sound. The research delivers an important link to studies on neural adaptation in non-human animals.

scholarly journals Neural activity in human brainstem adapts to sound-level statistics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjorn Herrmann ◽  
Sonia Yasmin ◽  
Kurdo Araz ◽  
David W. Purcell ◽  
Ingrid S. Johnsrude
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Acoustic Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Neural Adaptation ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Acoustic Stimuli ◽  
Environment Adaptation ◽  
Level Statistics

Optimal perception requires adaptation to sounds in the environment. Adaptation involves representing the acoustic stimulation history in neural response patterns, for example, by altering response magnitude or latency as sound-level statistics change. Neurons in the auditory brainstem of rodents are sensitive to acoustic stimulation history and sound-level statistics, but the degree to which the human brainstem exhibits such neural adaptation is unclear. In six electroencephalography experiments with over 125 participants, we demonstrate that acoustic stimuli within a time window of at least 40 ms are represented in response latency of the human brainstem. We further show that human brainstem responses adapt to sound-level statistical information, but that neural sensitivity to sound-level statistics is less reliable when acoustic stimuli need to be integrated over periods of ~40 ms. Our results provide evidence of adaptation to sound-level statistics in the human brainstem and of the timescale over which sound-level statistics affect neural responses to sound. The research delivers an important link to studies on neural adaptation in non-human animals.

Scalp Potentials Evoked by Amplitude-Modulated Tones in Dyslexia

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken I. McAnally ◽  
John F. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amplitude Modulation ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acoustic Stimuli ◽  
Stimulus Energy ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Brainstem Response ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean

We recorded the far-field EEG potential evoked by amplitude modulation of acoustic stimuli (the amplitude modulation following response, AMFR) in adults with developmental dyslexia and in a matched control group of adults with no history of reading problems. The mean AMFR recorded from participants with dyslexia was significantly smaller than that recorded from members of the control group. In contrast, the amplitude of the click-evoked auditory brainstem response ABR) was not significantly different between participant groups. Also, there was no difference between participant groups in the latency of the AMFR or ABR. The reduced AMFR in listeners with dyslexia may reflect impaired ability of the auditory system to follow rapid changes in stimulus energy, a cue believed to be important in the perception of speech.

The history of neurosurgery at the House Clinic in Los Angeles

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gautam U. Mehta ◽  
Gregory P. Lekovic
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Vestibular Schwannoma ◽  
Video Transmission ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Hearing Preservation ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Middle Fossa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Operative Microscope

Although most widely known as the birthplace of neuro-otology, the House Clinic in Los Angeles has been the site of several major contributions to the field of neurosurgery. From the beginning of the formation of the Otologic Medical Group in 1958 (later renamed the House Ear Clinic), these contributions have been largely due to the innovative and collaborative work of neurosurgeon William E. Hitselberger, MD, and neuro-otologist William F. House, MD, DDS. Together they were responsible for the development and widespread adoption of the team approach to skull-base surgery. Specific neurosurgical advances accomplished at the House Clinic have included the first application of the operative microscope to neurosurgery, the application of middle fossa and translabyrinthine approaches for vestibular schwannoma, and the development of combined petrosal, retrolabyrinthine, and other alternative petrosal approaches and of hearing preservation surgery for vestibular schwannoma. The auditory brainstem implant, invented at the House Clinic in 1979, was the first ever successful application of central nervous system neuromodulation for restoration of function. Technological innovations at the House Clinic have also advanced neurosurgery. These include the first video transmission of microsurgery, the first suction irrigator, the first debulking instrument for tumors, and the House-Urban retractor for middle fossa surgery.

scholarly journals Combined translabyrinthine, anterior petrosal approach for resection of collision vestibular schwannoma and petrous apex meningioma in neurofibromatosis type 2, with auditory brainstem implant placement

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. V17
Author(s):  
Usman A. Khan ◽  
Jillian H. Plonsker ◽  
Rick A. Friedman ◽  
Marc S. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Vestibular Schwannoma ◽  
Neurofibromatosis Type ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 ◽  
Petrous Apex ◽  
Surgical Decision ◽  
Implant Placement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sporadic Tumors

The natural history of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is profound bilateral hearing loss. The decision to pursue microsurgery may be more complicated in NF2 than with sporadic tumors. Schwannomas in NF2 often occur with other skull base tumors. Treatment should be tailored to preserve auditory perception for as long as possible. The authors present the case of a man with NF2 and a vestibular schwannoma who has poor hearing on the same side as a large petrous apex meningioma, both opposite to a well-hearing ear. This case highlights surgical decision-making and technical nuances during resection of collision tumors in NF2. The video can be found here: https://stream.cadmore.media/r10.3171/2021.7.FOCVID21130

scholarly journals Blood pressure and cholesterol measurements in primary care: cross-sectional analyses in a dynamic cohort

BJGP Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. BJGPO.2021.0131
Author(s):  
Annemarijn de Boer ◽  
Monika Hollander ◽  
Ineke van Dis ◽  
Frank L.J. Visseren ◽  
Michiel L Bots ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Guideline Implementation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post Menopausal

BackgroundGuidelines on cardiovascular risk management (CVRM) recommend blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol measurements every five years in men ≥40 and (post-menopausal) women ≥50 years.AimEvaluate CVRM guideline implementation.Design & settingCross-sectional analyses in a dynamic cohort using primary care electronic health record (EHR) data from the Julius General Practitioners’ Network (n=388,929).MethodWe assessed trends (2008–2018) in the proportion of patients with at least one measurement (BP and cholesterol) every one, two, and five years, in those with a history of (1) cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes, (2) diabetes only, (3) CVD only, (4) cardiovascular risk assessment (CRA) indication based on other medical history, or (5) no CRA indication. We evaluated trends over time using logistic regression mixed model analyses.ResultsTrends in annual BP and cholesterol measurement increased for patients with a history of CVD from 37.0% to 48.4% (P<0.001) and 25.8% to 40.2% (P<0.001). In the five-year window 2014–2018, BP and cholesterol measurements were performed in respectively 78.5% and 74.1% of all men ≥40 years and 82.2% and 78.5% in all women ≥50 years. Least measured were patients without a CRA indication: men 60.2% and 62.4%; women 55.5% and 59.3%.ConclusionThe fairly high frequency of CVRM measurements available in the EHR of patients in primary care suggests an adequate implementation of the CVRM guideline. As nearly all individuals visit the general practitioner once within a five-year time window, improvement of CVRM remains very well possible, especially in those without a CRA indication.

Of Ears and Norms

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-74
Author(s):  
Leonardo Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
History Of ◽  
Level Meter

This chapter focuses on several attempts to mobilize sound-politics via a range of techniques, devices, and national and international standards. I consider how experts have managed to stabilize two central actors: ears and norms. In the early twentieth century, experts generated the “average normal ear,” which I call Ear 1.0, the first actor. The second actor is the sound level meter, the Ear 2.0, a black box responsible for emulating Ear 1.0 and conveying reliable quantified information. As other authors have already traced the fascinating history of the stabilization of Ears 1.0 and 2.0 in the early twentieth century, I simply summarize some of these debates. The second section focuses on the Brazilian Technical Standards Association (ABNT). In the 2010s, experts faced the daunting task of revising two technical standards for assessing environmental noise. As I show, drawing on participant observation, interviews, and minutes of meetings between 2011 and 2017, this task was difficult because these revisions involved the input of groups with different interests and different understandings of what a technical standard should do.

Response Properties of Single Neurons in the Zebra Finch Auditory Midbrain: Response Patterns, Frequency Coding, Intensity Coding, and Spike Latencies

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. N. Woolley ◽  
John H. Casseday
Keyword(s):  
Zebra Finch ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Auditory Midbrain ◽  
Complex Signals ◽  
Tuning Curves ◽  
Intensity Coding ◽  
Frequency Coding

The avian mesencephalicus lateralis, dorsalis (MLd) is the auditory midbrain nucleus in which multiple parallel inputs from lower brain stem converge and through which most auditory information passes to reach the forebrain. Auditory processing in the MLd has not been investigated in songbirds. We studied the tuning properties of single MLd neurons in adult male zebra finches. Pure tones were used to examine tonotopy, temporal response patterns, frequency coding, intensity coding, spike latencies, and duration tuning. Most neurons had no spontaneous activity. The tonotopy of MLd is like that of other birds and mammals; characteristic frequencies (CFs) increase in a dorsal to ventral direction. Four major response patterns were found: 1) onset (49% of cells); 2) primary-like (20%); 3) sustained (19%); and 4) primary-like with notch (12%). CFs ranged between 0.9 and 6.1 kHz, matching the zebra finch hearing range and the power spectrum of song. Tuning curves were generally V-shaped, but complex curves, with multiple peaks or noncontiguous excitatory regions, were observed in 22% of cells. Rate-level functions indicated that 51% of nononset cells showed monotonic relationships between spike rate and sound level. Other cells showed low saturation or nonmonotonic responses. Spike latencies ranged from 4 to 40 ms, measured at CF. Spike latencies generally decreased with increasing sound pressure level (SPL), although paradoxical latency shifts were observed in 16% of units. For onset cells, changes in SPL produced smaller latency changes than for cells showing other response types. Results suggest that auditory midbrain neurons may be particularly suited for processing temporally complex signals with a high degree of precision.

Visualizing Speciation in Artificial Cichlid Fish

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Clement
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Natural Consequence ◽  
Open Problems ◽  
Visualization System ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Level Information ◽  
History Of

The Cichlid Speciation Project (CSP) is an ALife simulation system for investigating open problems in the speciation of African cichlid fish. The CSP can be used to perform a wide range of experiments that show that speciation is a natural consequence of certain biological systems. A visualization system capable of extracting the history of speciation from low-level trace data and creating a phylogenetic tree has been implemented. Unlike previous approaches, this visualization system presents a concrete trace of speciation, rather than a summary of low-level information from which the viewer can make subjective decisions on how speciation progressed. The phylogenetic trees are a more objective visualization of speciation, and enable automated collection and summarization of the results of experiments. The visualization system is used to create a phylogenetic tree from an experiment that models sympatric speciation.

scholarly journals Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in children with microcephaly

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Irawan Mangunatmadja ◽  
Dwi Putro Widodo ◽  
Hardiono D Pusponegoro
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Perinatal Infection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Delayed Development

Background Hearing loss (HL) is commonly found in childrenwith microcephaly. The aim of this study was to reveal hearing lossand auditory brainstem pathways disorders in children with micro-cephaly and other handicaps.Methods There were 194 children who were referred for hearingevaluation. Subjects with history of congenital perinatal infection(TORCH) were excluded. Data were collected from the results ofBrainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP) recordings, includ-ing sex, age, clinical manifestations, latency and interlatency be-tween waves I, III, V, and the hearing levels of each ear.Results Moderate to profound HL were found in fourteen ears(58%) of patients with microcephaly. Moderate to profound HL (28%)and endocochlear damage (15%) were found in the ears of pa-tients with microcephaly and delayed speech. Moderate to pro-found HL (39%) and endocochlear damage (11%) were detectedin the ears of patients with microcephaly and delayed develop-ment. Moderate to profound HL (21%) and endocochlear damage(16%) were found in the ears of microcephalic patients with bothdelayed speech and delayed development. Moderate to profoundHL (26%) and endocochlear damage (32%) were detected in theears of patients with microcephaly and cerebral palsy.Conclusion This study revealed the importance of early HL de-tection in microcephalic patients especially those with other handi-caps such as delayed speech, delayed development, and cere-bral palsy

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