scholarly journals Anti-Acanthamoeba synergistic effect of chlorhexidine and Garcinia mangostana extract or α-mangostin against Acanthamoeba triangularis trophozoite and cyst forms

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suthinee Sangkanu ◽  
Watcharapong Mitsuwan ◽  
Wilawan Mahabusarakam ◽  
Tajudeen O. Jimoh ◽  
Polrat Wilairatana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corneal Stroma ◽  
Good Combination ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Single Drug ◽  
Cell Shapes ◽  
Amoebic Keratitis ◽  
Irregular Cell ◽  
First Time

AbstractAcanthamoeba spp. can cause amoebic keratitis (AK). Chlorhexidine is effective for AK treatment as monotherapy, but with a relative failure on drug bioavailability in the deep corneal stroma. The combination of chlorhexidine and propamidine isethionate is recommended in the current AK treatment. However, the effectiveness of treatment depends on the parasite and virulence strains. This study aims to determine the potential of Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract and α-mangostin against Acanthamoeba triangularis, as well as the combination with chlorhexidine in the treatment of Acanthamoeba infection. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extract and α-mangostin were assessed in trophozoites with 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL, for cysts with 4 and 1 mg/mL, respectively. The MIC of the extract and α-mangostin inhibited the growth of A. triangularis trophozoites and cysts for up to 72 h. The extract and α-mangostin combined with chlorhexidine demonstrated good synergism, resulting in a reduction of 1/4–1/16 of the MIC. The SEM results showed that Acanthamoeba cells treated with a single drug and its combination caused damage to the cell membrane and irregular cell shapes. A good combination displayed by the extract or α-mangostin and chlorhexidine, described for the first time. Therefore, this approach is promising as an alternative method for the management of Acanthamoeba infection in the future.

scholarly journals Synergistic Effect of Garcinia Mangostana Combined With Chlorhexidine on Acanthamoeba Triangularis Trophozoites and Cysts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suthinee Sangkanu ◽  
Watcharapong Mitsuwan ◽  
Wilawan Mahabusarakam ◽  
Tajudeen O. Jimoh ◽  
Polrat Wilairatana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Kinetic Assay ◽  
Cell Membrane Damage ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Cell Shapes ◽  
Irregular Cell

Abstract Background: Various parts of Garcinia mangostana Linn, including its pericarp have been traditionally used to treat different types of diseases. This study was carried out to determine the anti-Acanthamoeba activity of G. mangostana pericarp extract against Acanthamoeba triangularis. Methods: The G. mangostana ethanolic pericarp extract was screened for the anti-Acanthamoeba activity and determined its minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) by the microdilution method. Then, the time-kill kinetic assay of the extract was determined. The synergistic effect of G. mangostana extract and chlorhexidine was performed using the checkerboard method. Parasite morphology was detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results: The MICs of extract were assessed on trophozoites and cysts with 250 and 4000 µg/mL, respectively. More so, at 2×MIC of extract exhibited inhibitory activity against trophozoites and cyst of A. triangularis for up to 7 days. Checkerboard assays showed synergistic activity of extract (500-1000 μg/mL) plus chlorhexidine (3.90-15.62 μg/mL) at a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of 0.18-0.37. The lowest FICI (0.18) displayed good synergism resulting in up to 16-fold reduction of drug MIC and reducing to 8-fold of extract MIC. The viability of cysts decreased to 12.28±3.03 cells/mL. FICI interpretation equal to 1 is considered an additive effect on Acanthamoeba trophpzoites. The SEM results clearly showed that Acanthamoeba cells treated with a single drug of chlorhexidine and its combination with G. mangostana extract caused cell membrane damage and irregular cell shapes comparing with the control. Conclusion: A good combinatorial relationship displayed by G. mangostana extract and chlorhexidine suggest a more reliable evidenced based therapeutic strategy. Therefore, this approach is promising and could be employed as an alternative treatment method for the management of Acanthamoeba infection.

Additions to pestalotioid fungi in Thailand: Neopestalotiopsis hydeana sp. nov. and Pestalotiopsis hydei sp. nov.

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 479 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-43
Author(s):  
NARUEMON HUANALUEK ◽  
RUVISHIKA S. JAYAWARDENA ◽  
SAJEEWA S. N. MAHARACHCHIKUMBURA ◽  
DULANJALEE L. HARISHCHANDRA
Keyword(s):  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Annona Squamosa ◽  
Translation Elongation Factor ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
First Time ◽  
Elongation Factor 1 ◽  
Partial Translation

Pestalotioid fungi commonly occur as pathogens, endophytes or saprobes. In this study, pestalotioid fungi associated with leaf spots and fruit rots were isolated from Alpinia malaccensis, A. galangal, Annona squamosa, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Citrus sp., Garcinia mangostana, Litsea petiolata, a pteridophyte, and Vitis vinifera in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Based on single- and multi-locus phylogenies using internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin and partial translation elongation factor 1-α gene regions, along with morphological features, the isolates were identified as two new species, Neopestalotiopsis hydeana and Pestalotiopsis hydei. This is the first time a Pestalotiopsis sp. was reported associated with Litsea petiolata and a Neopestalotiopsis sp. recorded from Alpinia, Annona, Artocarpus, Garcinia and a pteridophyte in the world. This fungal group can be considered as an emerging pathogenic group on different hosts in different climatic conditions. 

scholarly journals Design of Electroporation Process in Irregularly Shaped Multicellular Systems

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Mescia ◽  
Michele Alessandro Chiapperino ◽  
Pietro Bia ◽  
Claudio Maria Lamacchia ◽  
Johan Gielis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Formation ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Dielectric Dispersion ◽  
Biological Cells ◽  
Nuclear Membranes ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
Cell Shapes ◽  
Irregular Cell ◽  
Smoluchowski’S Equation ◽  
Isolated Cell

Electroporation technique is widely used in biotechnology and medicine for the transport of various molecules through the membranes of biological cells. Different mathematical models of electroporation have been proposed in the literature to study pore formation in plasma and nuclear membranes. These studies are mainly based on models using a single isolated cell with a canonical shape. In this work, a space–time (x,y,t) multiphysics model based on quasi-static Maxwell’s equations and nonlinear Smoluchowski’s equation has been developed to investigate the electroporation phenomenon induced by pulsed electric field in multicellular systems having irregularly shape. The dielectric dispersion of the cell compartments such as nuclear and plasmatic membranes, cytoplasm, nucleoplasm and external medium have been incorporated into the numerical algorithm, too. Moreover, the irregular cell shapes have been modeled by using the Gielis transformations.

A light and hypoxia-activated nanodrug for cascade photodynamic-chemo cancer therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Zhong ◽  
Chujie Zheng ◽  
Si Huang ◽  
Jinsheng Huang ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Efficient Strategy ◽  
Single Drug

Combination therapy provides significantly better outcomes than a single drug treatment and becomes an efficient strategy for cancer therapy at present. Owing to the advantages of improved drug bioavailability, decreased...

scholarly journals Impact of Audit Committee structure on firms’ value in Pakistan: Evidence from the Cement Sector

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamran Ali ◽  
Muhammad Amir
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Audit Committee ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Fixed Effect ◽  
Good Combination ◽  
The Core ◽  
First Time

The core tenacity of this study is to check out how the audit committee structure influence on firms’ financial value. With the help of literature, the study sets its main objective and uses penal data of 14 companies from cement sector which covers a period of 4 years from 2013 to 2016. The fixed effect approach is used to get the results of regression. The finding of the empirical outcomes is indicating that the Audit Committee structure has a substantial effect on firms’ financial value. The study used data from one sector and only from Pakistan, due to which the application of results in other sectors and the economy is not strong enough. According to superlative of our understanding, this type of research has conducted for the first time in Pakistan which contributes in the fiction of corporate governance as a showing effect of the audit committee structure on firms’ performance. This article provides helpful information to those who are affiliated with the management authorities when they design the structure of Audit committee, so they should make a good combination of audit committee elements for the better performance of the company.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Inhibition of Entry and Replication of Novel Corona Virus by Grazoprevir: A Computational Drug Repurposing Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar Behera ◽  
Nazmina Vhora ◽  
Darshan Contractor ◽  
Amit Shard ◽  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Synergistic Inhibition ◽  
Single Drug ◽  
Multiple Pathway ◽  
Simultaneous Inhibition ◽  
Transmembrane Serine Protease ◽  
First Time

<div> <div> <div> <p>It is evident from the on-going clinical studies (trials) for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that treatment with a single drug is not likely to be sufficient. This, in turn, suggests that the drug acts via inhibition of multiple pathways likely to be more successful and promising. Keeping this hypothesis intact, the present study describes for the first-time, Grazoprevir, an FDA approved anti-viral drug primarily approved for HCV, mediated multiple pathway control via synergistic inhibition of viral entry targeting host cell Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE- 2)/transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and viral replication targeting RNA-dependent, RNA polymerase (RdRP). We believe that Grazoprevir either alone or given in combination could be effective therapeutics for treatment of COVID-19 pandemic with a promise of unlikely drug resistance owing to multiple inhibition of eukaryotic and viral proteins. </p> </div> </div> </div>

scholarly journals Simultaneous Inhibition of Entry and Replication of Novel Corona Virus by Grazoprevir: A Computational Drug Repurposing Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar Behera ◽  
Nazmina Vhora ◽  
Darshan Contractor ◽  
Amit Shard ◽  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Synergistic Inhibition ◽  
Single Drug ◽  
Multiple Pathway ◽  
Simultaneous Inhibition ◽  
Transmembrane Serine Protease ◽  
First Time

<div> <div> <div> <p>It is evident from the on-going clinical studies (trials) for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that treatment with a single drug is not likely to be sufficient. This, in turn, suggests that the drug acts via inhibition of multiple pathways likely to be more successful and promising. Keeping this hypothesis intact, the present study describes for the first-time, Grazoprevir, an FDA approved anti-viral drug primarily approved for HCV, mediated multiple pathway control via synergistic inhibition of viral entry targeting host cell Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE- 2)/transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and viral replication targeting RNA-dependent, RNA polymerase (RdRP). We believe that Grazoprevir either alone or given in combination could be effective therapeutics for treatment of COVID-19 pandemic with a promise of unlikely drug resistance owing to multiple inhibition of eukaryotic and viral proteins. </p> </div> </div> </div>

scholarly journals Behavior of the Meat-Borne Bacterium Lactobacillus sakei during Its Transit through the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Axenic and Conventional Mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (13) ◽  
pp. 4498-4505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Chiaramonte ◽  
Sébastien Blugeon ◽  
Stéphane Chaillou ◽  
Philippe Langella ◽  
Monique Zagorec
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lactobacillus Sakei ◽  
Human Feces ◽  
Positive Bacterium ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Genetic Features ◽  
Cell Shapes ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT A Lactobacillus sakei strain named FLEC01 was isolated from human feces and characterized genotypically. Comparison of the genetic features of this strain with those of both the meat-borne L. sakei strain 23K and another human isolate, LTH5590, showed that they belong to different but closely related clusters. The three L. sakei strains did not persist and only transited through the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) of conventional C3H/HeN mice. In contrast, they all colonized the GITs of axenic mice and rapidly reached a population of 109 CFU/g of feces, which remained stable until day 51. Five days after mice were fed, a first subpopulation, characterized by small colonies, appeared and reached 50% of the total L. sakei population in mice. Fifteen to 21 days after feeding, a second subpopulation, characterized by rough colonies, appeared. It coexisted with the two other populations until day 51, and its cell shapes were also affected, suggesting a dysfunction of the cell division or cell wall. No clear difference between the behaviors of the meat-borne strain and the two human isolates in both conventional and axenic mice was observed, suggesting that L. sakei is a food-borne bacterium rather than a commensal one and that its presence in human feces originates from diet. Previous observations of Escherichia coli strains suggest that the mouse GIT environment could induce mutations to increase their survival and colonization capacities. Here, we observed similar mutations concerning a food-grade gram-positive bacterium for the first time.

scholarly journals Role of Contact Lens Wear, Bacterial Flora, and Mannose-Induced Pathogenic Protease in the Pathogenesis of Amoebic Keratitis

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 1061-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Alizadeh ◽  
Sudha Neelam ◽  
Michael Hurt ◽  
Jerry Y. Niederkorn
Keyword(s):  
Contact Lens ◽  
Corneal Epithelium ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Corneal Stroma ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Corneal Disease ◽  
Contact Lens Wear ◽  
Amoebic Keratitis ◽  
Lens Wear

ABSTRACT The ocular surface is continuously exposed to potential pathogens, including free-living amoebae. Acanthamoeba species are among the most ubiquitous amoebae, yet Acanthamoeba keratitis is remarkably rare. The pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba keratitis is a complex, sequential process. Here we show that Acanthamoeba keratitis is profoundly affected by mannosylated proteins on the ocular surface, which stimulate the amoebae to elaborate a 133-kDa pathogenic protease. The mannose-induced protease (MIP133) mediates apoptosis of the corneal epithelium, facilitates corneal invasion, and degrades the corneal stroma. We show that contact lens wear upregulates mannosylated proteins on the corneal epithelium, stimulates MIP133 secretion, and exacerbates corneal disease. Corynebacterium xerosis, a constituent of the ocular flora, contains large amounts of mannose and is associated with Acanthamoeba keratitis. The present results show that amoebae exposed to C. xerosis produce increased amounts of MIP133 and more severe corneal disease. Oral immunization with MIP133 mitigates Acanthamoeba keratitis and demonstrates the feasibility of antidisease vaccines for pathogens that resist immune elimination.

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