Synergistic Effect of Garcinia Mangostana Combined With Chlorhexidine on Acanthamoeba Triangularis Trophozoites and Cysts

Abstract Background: Various parts of Garcinia mangostana Linn, including its pericarp have been traditionally used to treat different types of diseases. This study was carried out to determine the anti-Acanthamoeba activity of G. mangostana pericarp extract against Acanthamoeba triangularis. Methods: The G. mangostana ethanolic pericarp extract was screened for the anti-Acanthamoeba activity and determined its minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) by the microdilution method. Then, the time-kill kinetic assay of the extract was determined. The synergistic effect of G. mangostana extract and chlorhexidine was performed using the checkerboard method. Parasite morphology was detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results: The MICs of extract were assessed on trophozoites and cysts with 250 and 4000 µg/mL, respectively. More so, at 2×MIC of extract exhibited inhibitory activity against trophozoites and cyst of A. triangularis for up to 7 days. Checkerboard assays showed synergistic activity of extract (500-1000 μg/mL) plus chlorhexidine (3.90-15.62 μg/mL) at a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of 0.18-0.37. The lowest FICI (0.18) displayed good synergism resulting in up to 16-fold reduction of drug MIC and reducing to 8-fold of extract MIC. The viability of cysts decreased to 12.28±3.03 cells/mL. FICI interpretation equal to 1 is considered an additive effect on Acanthamoeba trophpzoites. The SEM results clearly showed that Acanthamoeba cells treated with a single drug of chlorhexidine and its combination with G. mangostana extract caused cell membrane damage and irregular cell shapes comparing with the control. Conclusion: A good combinatorial relationship displayed by G. mangostana extract and chlorhexidine suggest a more reliable evidenced based therapeutic strategy. Therefore, this approach is promising and could be employed as an alternative treatment method for the management of Acanthamoeba infection.

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Anti-Acanthamoeba synergistic effect of chlorhexidine and Garcinia mangostana extract or α-mangostin against Acanthamoeba triangularis trophozoite and cyst forms

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87381-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Suthinee Sangkanu ◽

Watcharapong Mitsuwan ◽

Wilawan Mahabusarakam ◽

Tajudeen O. Jimoh ◽

Polrat Wilairatana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Corneal Stroma ◽

Good Combination ◽

Drug Bioavailability ◽

Garcinia Mangostana ◽

Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽

Single Drug ◽

Cell Shapes ◽

Amoebic Keratitis ◽

Irregular Cell ◽

First Time

AbstractAcanthamoeba spp. can cause amoebic keratitis (AK). Chlorhexidine is effective for AK treatment as monotherapy, but with a relative failure on drug bioavailability in the deep corneal stroma. The combination of chlorhexidine and propamidine isethionate is recommended in the current AK treatment. However, the effectiveness of treatment depends on the parasite and virulence strains. This study aims to determine the potential of Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract and α-mangostin against Acanthamoeba triangularis, as well as the combination with chlorhexidine in the treatment of Acanthamoeba infection. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extract and α-mangostin were assessed in trophozoites with 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL, for cysts with 4 and 1 mg/mL, respectively. The MIC of the extract and α-mangostin inhibited the growth of A. triangularis trophozoites and cysts for up to 72 h. The extract and α-mangostin combined with chlorhexidine demonstrated good synergism, resulting in a reduction of 1/4–1/16 of the MIC. The SEM results showed that Acanthamoeba cells treated with a single drug and its combination caused damage to the cell membrane and irregular cell shapes. A good combination displayed by the extract or α-mangostin and chlorhexidine, described for the first time. Therefore, this approach is promising as an alternative method for the management of Acanthamoeba infection in the future.

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Combination of Epicatechin 3-Gallate from Euphorbia hirta and Cefepime Promotes Potential Synergistic Eradication Action against Resistant Clinical Isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/5713703 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shanmugapriya Perumal ◽

Roziahanim Mahmud ◽

Nornisah Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Membrane Damage ◽

Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽

Euphorbia Hirta ◽

Cell Membrane Damage ◽

Microdilution Method ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Time Kill

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is naturally resistant to many classes of antipseudomonal antibiotics due to the species ability to easily acquire resistance. Plant-based antibacterial agent in combination with the existing antibiotic proposes an alternative treatment regimen for the eradication of resistant bacterial infections. The antibacterial effects of the isolated epicatechin 3-gallate compound from Euphorbia hirta in combination with cefepime were investigated in vitro against resistant P. aeruginosa. The fractional inhibitory concentration index of the combination was determined using checkerboard broth microdilution method. Epicatechin 3-gallate combined with cefepime had produced synergistic effect against P. aeruginosa (with average FIC index of 0.24). The MIC of epicatechin 3-gallate was effectively reduced to MIC/4, MIC/8, MIC/16, and MIC/32 in the presence of cefepime. Time-kill study of epicatechin 3-gallate combined with cefepime exhibited remarkable bactericidal activity where the eradication of P. aeruginosa occurred within 4 h of treatment. Scanning electron micrographs revealed apparent cell membrane damage and leakage of cytoplasmic contents from P. aeruginosa cells which eventually led to the cell lysis after the combination treatment of epicatechin 3-gallate and cefepime. The potential of epicatechin 3-gallate to act synergistically with cefepime against clinically resistant P. aeruginosa strain possibly will maximize the successful outcomes when choosing empirical antibiotic treatment in hospitals or health care institutions.

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Identification and Target-Modification of SL-BBI: A Novel Bowman–Birk Type Trypsin Inhibitor from Sylvirana latouchii

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10091254 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1254 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xi Chen ◽

Dong Chen ◽

Linyuan Huang ◽

Xiaoling Chen ◽

Mei Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Trypsin Inhibitor ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Membrane Damage ◽

Antiproliferative Effects ◽

Docking Simulations ◽

Cell Membrane Damage ◽

Action Mode ◽

Trypsin Inhibition ◽

Cloning Method

The peptides from the ranacyclin family share similar active disulphide loop with plant-derived Bowman–Birk type inhibitors, some of which have the dual activities of trypsin inhibition and antimicrobial. Herein, a novel Bowman–Birk type trypsin inhibitor of the ranacyclin family was identified from the skin secretion of broad-folded frog (Sylvirana latouchii) by molecular cloning method and named as SL-BBI. After chemical synthesis, it was proved to be a potent inhibitor of trypsin with a Ki value of 230.5 nM and showed weak antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms. Modified analogue K-SL maintains the original inhibitory activity with a Ki value of 77.27 nM while enhancing the antimicrobial activity. After the substitution of active P1 site to phenylalanine and P2′ site to isoleucine, F-SL regenerated its inhibitory activity on chymotrypsin with a Ki value of 309.3 nM and exhibited antiproliferative effects on PC-3, MCF-7 and a series of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines without cell membrane damage. The affinity of F-SL for the β subunits in the yeast 20S proteasome showed by molecular docking simulations enriched the understanding of the possible action mode of Bowman–Birk type inhibitors. Further mechanistic studies have shown that F-SL can activate caspase 3/7 in H157 cells and induce apoptosis, which means it has the potential to become an anticancer agent.

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In VitroSynergistic Effect of Curcumin in Combination with Third Generation Cephalosporins against Bacteria Associated with Infectious Diarrhea

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/561456 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Nishanth Kumar Sasidharan ◽

Sreerag Ravikumar Sreekala ◽

Jubi Jacob ◽

Bala Nambisan

Keyword(s):

Synergistic Effect ◽

New Combination ◽

Normal Fibroblast ◽

Infectious Diarrhea ◽

Combination Drug ◽

Microdilution Method ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Time Kill ◽

Third Generation Cephalosporins

Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in humans in developed and developing countries. Furthermore, increased resistance to antibiotics has resulted in serious challenges in the treatment of this infectious disease worldwide. Therefore, there exists a need to develop alternative natural or combination drug therapies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the synergistic effect of curcumin-1 in combination with three antibiotics against five diarrhea causing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of curcumin-1 and antibiotics was assessed by the broth microdilution method, checkerboard dilution test, and time-kill assay. Antimicrobial activity of curcumin-1 was observed against all tested strains. The MICs of curcumin-1 against test bacteria ranged from 125 to 1000 μg/mL. In the checkerboard test, curcumin-1 markedly reduced the MICs of the antibiotics cefaclor, cefodizime, and cefotaxime. Significant synergistic effect was recorded by curcumin-1 in combination with cefotaxime. The toxicity of curcumin-1 with and without antibiotics was tested against foreskin (FS) normal fibroblast and no significant cytotoxicity was observed. From our result it is evident that curcumin-1 enhances the antibiotic potentials against diarrhea causing bacteria inin vitrocondition. This study suggested that curcumin-1 in combination with antibiotics could lead to the development of new combination of antibiotics against diarrhea causing bacteria.

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Particle Size of Drug Nanocarriers Defines the Fate of Spinal Cord Injury’s Recovery

10.21203/rs.3.rs-530238/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Delaram Poormoghadam ◽

Bita Rasoulian Shiadeh ◽

Fereshte Azedi ◽

Hani Tavakol ◽

Seyed Mahdi Rezayat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Cell Membrane ◽

Muscular Atrophy ◽

Muscle Tone ◽

Membrane Damage ◽

Definitive Treatment ◽

Detrusor Muscle ◽

Cell Membrane Damage ◽

Fty 720 ◽

Cord Injury

Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition for which no definitive treatment has yet been identified. Noteworthy, it influences other tissues through inflammatory reactions and metabolic disturbance. Therefore, fingolimod (FTY-720) as an FDA-approved inflammatory modulator would be promising. In the present study, nanocarriers at two distinct monodisperse particle sizes of 60 (nF60) and 190 (nF190) nm were prepared.The neural stem cell (NSC) viability and LDH release were studied in the face of the nanocarriers and free FTY-720. Results indicated that nanocarriers and free FTY-720 enhanced NSC viability than the control group.However, nF190 significantly induced less cell membrane damage than nF60. Nanocarriers and free FTY-720 enhanced motor neuron recovery in SCI rats, while body weight and return to bladder reflux by nF190 was significantly higher than nF60 groups. Return to bladder reflux might be due to the role of FTY-720 in regulation of detrusor muscle tone and preservation of the integrity of vessels by acting on endothelial cells. Moreover,nF190 gained higher soleus muscle weight than the free drugs;probably decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines in soleus diminish muscular atrophy in SCI rats.To sum thing up, larger nanacarrirs with less cell membrane damage seems to be more efficient than smaller ones to manage SCI.

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Surface chemistry modification of silica nanoparticles alters the activation of monocytes

Therapeutic Delivery ◽

10.4155/tde-2021-0006 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Romina Mitarotonda ◽

Martín Saraceno ◽

Marcos Todone ◽

Exequiel Giorgi ◽

Emilio L Malchiodi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Immune System ◽

Cell Membrane ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Membrane Damage ◽

Living Cells ◽

Cell Membrane Damage ◽

Study Materials ◽

Therapeutic Molecules ◽

Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Aim: Nanoparticles (NPs) interaction with immune system is a growing topic of study. Materials & methods: Bare and amine grafted silica NPs effects on monocytes/macrophages cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, MTT test and LIVE/DEAD® viability/cytotoxicity assay. Results: Bare silica NPs inhibited proliferation and induced monocyte/macrophages activation (increasing CD40/CD80 expression besides pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitrite secretion). Furthermore, silica NPs increased cell membrane damage and reduced the number of living cells. In contrast, amine grafted silica NPs did not alter these parameters. Conclusion: Cell activation properties of bare silica NPs could be hindered after grafting with amine moieties. This strategy is useful to tune the immune system stimulation by NPs or to design NPs suitable to transport therapeutic molecules.

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In Vitro Anti-Biofilm Activity of Hydrogen-Peroxide Generating Electrochemical Bandage Against Yeast Biofilms

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01792-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yash S. Raval ◽

Abdelrhman Mohamed ◽

Jayawant N. Mandrekar ◽

Cody Fisher ◽

Kerryl E. Greenwood-Quaintance ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Membrane Damage ◽

Microscopic Analysis ◽

Viable Cell ◽

Wound Infections ◽

Unique Challenge ◽

Cell Membrane Damage ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Extensive Cell ◽

Fluorescence Microscopic Analysis

Wound infections are caused by bacteria and/or fungi. The presence of fungal biofilms in wound beds presents a unique challenge, as fungal biofilms may be difficult to eradicate. The goal of this work was to assess the in vitro anti-biofilm activity of a H 2 O 2 -producing electrochemical bandage (e-bandage) against 15 yeast isolates representing commonly-encountered species. Time-dependent decreases in viable biofilm CFU counts of all isolates tested were observed, resulting in no visible colonies with 48 hours of exposure by plate culture. Fluorescence microscopic analysis showed extensive cell membrane damage of biofilm cells after e-bandage treatment. Reductions in intracellular ATP levels of yeast biofilm cells were recorded post e-bandage treatment. Our results suggest that exposure to H 2 O 2 -producing e-bandages reduce in vitro viable cell counts of yeast biofilms, making this a potential new topical treatment approach for fungal wound infections.

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