scholarly journals Experimental infection of Asian house geckos with Enterococcus lacertideformus demonstrates multiple disease transmission routes and the in-vivo efficacy of antibiotics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica E. Agius ◽  
Karrie Rose ◽  
Jon-Paul Emery ◽  
David N. Phalen
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Christmas Island ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

AbstractThe disease caused by Enterococcus lacertideformus is multisystemic and ultimately fatal. Since its emergence, the bacterium has significantly impacted the captive breeding programs of the extinct in the wild Christmas Island Lister’s gecko (Lepidodactylus listeri) and blue-tailed skink (Cryptoblepharus egeriae). The bacterium’s pathogenicity, inability to grow in-vitro, and occurrence beyond the confines of Christmas Island necessitated the development of an experimental infection and treatment model. Asian house geckos (Hemidactylus frenatus) were challenged with a single dose of E. lacertideformus inoculum either by mouth, application to mucosal abrasion or skin laceration, subcutaneous injection, coelomic injection, or via co-housing with an infected gecko. Five healthy geckos acted as controls. Each transmission route resulted in disease in at least 40% (n = 2) geckos, expanding to 100% (n = 5) when E. lacertideformus was applied to skin laceration and mucosal abrasion groups. Incubation periods post-infection ranged between 54 and 102 days. To determine the efficacy of antibiotic treatment, infected geckos were divided into six groups (enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg, per os (PO), every 24 h (q24), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 10 mg/kg, PO, q24, enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg combined with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 10 mg/kg, PO, q24, rifampicin 15 mg/kg, PO, q24, clarithromycin 15 mg/kg, PO, q24, and untreated controls) for 21 days. Response to treatment was assessed by the change in lesion size, bacterial dissemination, and histological evidence of a host immune response. Irrespective of the antibiotic given, histology revealed that geckos inoculated by skin laceration were observed to have more extensive disease spread throughout the animal’s body compared to other inoculation routes. The reduction in the average surface area of gross lesions was 83.6% for geckos treated with enrofloxacin, followed by the combination therapy amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and enrofloxacin (62.4%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (58.2%), rifampicin (45.5%), and clarithromycin (26.5%). Lesions in geckos untreated with antibiotics increased in size between 100 and 300%. In summary, enrofloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid show promising properties for the treatment of E. lacertideformus infection in geckos. The Asian house gecko E. lacertideformus infection model therefore provides foundational findings for the development of effective therapeutic treatment protocols aimed at conserving the health of infected and at-risk reptiles.

scholarly journals Experimental Infection of Asian House Geckos (Hemidactylus Frenatus) With Enterococcus Lacertideformus Demonstrates Multiple Routes of Disease Transmission and The Relative in-Vivo Efficacy of Antibiotic Treatments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Agius ◽  
Karrie Rose ◽  
Jon-Paul Emery ◽  
David Phalen
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Christmas Island ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Hemidactylus Frenatus

Abstract The disease caused by Enterococcus lacertideformus is multisystemic and ultimately fatal. Since its emergence, the disease has significantly impacted the captive breeding programs of the Extinct in the Wild Christmas Island Lister’s gecko (Lepidodactylus listeri) and blue-tailed skink (Cryptoblepharus egeriae). The bacterium’s pathogenicity, inability to grow in-vitro, and occurrence beyond the confines of Christmas Island necessitated the development of an experimental infection and treatment model. Asian house geckos (Hemidactylus frenatus) were challenged with a single dose of E. lacertideformus either by mouth, application to mucosal abrasion or skin laceration, subcutaneous injection, coelomic injection, or via co-housing with an infected gecko. Five healthy geckos acted as controls. Each transmission route resulted in disease in at least 40% (n = 2) geckos, expanding to 100% (n = 5 groups) when E. lacertideformus was applied to skin laceration and mucosal abrasion groups. Incubation periods post-infection ranged between 54 and 102 days. To determine the efficacy of antibiotic treatment, infected geckos were divided into six groups (enrofloxacin 10mg/kg, PO, q24, amoxicillin clavulanic acid 10 mg/kg, PO, q24, enrofloxacin 10mg/kg combined with amoxicillin clavulanic acid 10 mg/kg, PO, q24, rifampicin 15mg/kg, PO, q24, clarithromycin 15mg/kg, PO, q24, and untreated controls) for 21 days. Response to treatment was assessed by change in lesion size, bacterial dissemination, and histological evidence of a host immune response. Irrespective of the antibiotic given, histology revealed that geckos inoculated by skin laceration were observed to have more extensive disease spread compared to other inoculation routes. The reduction in the average surface area of gross lesions was 83.6% for geckos treated with enrofloxacin, followed by the combination therapy amoxicillin clavulanic acid and enrofloxacin (62.4%), amoxicillin clavulanic acid (58.2%), rifampicin (45.5%), and clarithromycin (26.5%). Lesions in geckos untreated with antibiotics increased in size between 100% to 300%. In summary, enrofloxacin and amoxicillin clavulanic acid show promising properties for the treatment of E. lacertideformus infection in geckos. The Asian house gecko E. lacertideformus infection model therefore provides foundational findings critical to the development of effective therapeutic and prophylactic treatment protocols aimed at conserving the health of infected and at-risk reptiles.

scholarly journals Evaluation of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid resistance in the Bifidobacterium genus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Mancabelli ◽  
Walter Mancino ◽  
Gabriele Andrea Lugli ◽  
Chiara Argentini ◽  
Giulia Longhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Western World ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid (AMC) is one of the most frequently prescribed antibiotic formulations in the Western world. Extensive oral use of this antimicrobial combination influences the gut microbiota. One of the most abundant early colonizers of the human gut microbiota is represented by different taxa of the Bifidobacterium genus, which include many members that are considered to bestow beneficial effects upon their host. In the current study, we investigated the impact of AMC administration on the gut microbiota composition, comparing the gut microbiota of 23 children that had undergone AMC antibiotic therapy to that of 19 children that had not been treated with antibiotics during the preceding six months. Moreover, we evaluated AMC sensitivity by Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test of 261 bifidobacterial strains, including reference strains for the currently recognized 64 bifidobacterial (sub)species, as well as 197 bifidobacterial isolates of human origin. These assessments allowed the identification of four bifidobacterial strains, which exhibit a high level of AMC insensitivity, and which were subjected to genomic and transcriptomic analyses to identify the putative genetic determinants responsible for this AMC insensitivity. Furthermore, we investigated the ecological role of AMC-resistant bifidobacterial strains by in vitro batch-cultures. Importance Based on our results, we observed a drastic reduction in gut microbiota diversity of children treated with antibiotics, also affecting the abundance of Bifidobacterium, a bacterial genus commonly found in the infant gut. MIC experiments revealed that more than 98% of bifidobacterial strains tested were shown to be inhibited by the AMC antibiotic. Isolation of four insensitive strains and sequencing of their genome revealed the identity of possible genes involved in AMC resistance mechanisms. Moreover, gut-simulating in-vitro experiments revealed that one strain, i.e. B. breve PRL2020, is able to persist in the presence of a complex microbiota combined with AMC antibiotic.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Subgingival Bacterial Flora in Cats with Gingivitis

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Harvey ◽  
C. Thornsberry ◽  
B.R. Miller ◽  
F. S. Shofer
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

The aerobic and anaerobic flora from gingival pockets of 40 cats with established gingivitis were cultured. The susceptibility of each isolate to four antimicrobial agents currently approved for use in cats (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; clindamycin; cefadroxil; enrofloxacin) was determined. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Clavamox®) had the highest in-vitro susceptibility against all isolates (92%) and all anaerobes (99% [co-equal with clindamycin]) tested; enrofloxacin (Baytril®) had the highest in-vitro susceptibility against all aerobes (90%) tested.

Extended-spectrum resistance to β-lactams/β-lactamase inhibitors (ESRI) evolved from low-level resistant Escherichia coli

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángel Rodríguez-Villodres ◽  
María Luisa Gil-Marqués ◽  
Rocío Álvarez-Marín ◽  
Rémy A Bonnin ◽  
María Eugenia Pachón-Ibáñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

Abstract Objectives Escherichia coli is characterized by three resistance patterns to β-lactams/β-lactamase inhibitors (BLs/BLIs): (i) resistance to ampicillin/sulbactam and susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and piperacillin/tazobactam (RSS); (ii) resistance to ampicillin/sulbactam and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and susceptibility to piperacillin/tazobactam (RRS); and (iii) resistance to ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and piperacillin/tazobactam (RRR). These resistance patterns are acquired consecutively, indicating a potential risk of developing resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam, but the precise mechanism of this process is not completely understood. Methods Clinical isolates incrementally pressured by piperacillin/tazobactam selection in vitro and in vivo were used. We determined the MIC of piperacillin/tazobactam in the presence and absence of piperacillin/tazobactam pressure. We deciphered the role of the blaTEM genes in the new concept of extended-spectrum resistance to BLs/BLIs (ESRI) using genomic analysis. The activity of β-lactamase was quantified in these isolates. Results We show that piperacillin/tazobactam resistance is induced in E. coli carrying blaTEM genes. This resistance is due to the increase in copy numbers and transcription levels of the blaTEM gene, thus increasing β-lactamase activity and consequently increasing piperacillin/tazobactam MICs. Genome sequencing of two blaTEM-carrying representative isolates showed that piperacillin/tazobactam treatment produced two types of duplications of blaTEM (8 and 60 copies, respectively). In the clinical setting, piperacillin/tazobactam treatment of patients infected by E. coli carrying blaTEM is associated with a risk of therapeutic failure. Conclusions This study describes for the first time the ESRI in E. coli. This new concept is very important in the understanding of the mechanism involved in the acquisition of resistance to BLs/BLIs.

Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis Induced by Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 592-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterini Syrigou ◽  
Dimitra Grapsa ◽  
Andriani Charpidou ◽  
Konstantinos Syrigos
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Patch Testing ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Exanthematous Pustulosis ◽  
Histopathologic Features

Drug-induced acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis is a rare pustular skin reaction, most commonly triggered by antibiotics. Although its diagnosis is based primarily on the presence of specific clinical and histopathologic features, additional in vivo (patch testing) or in vitro testing may be required, especially in atypical cases, to more accurately determine the causative agent. The authors report a histologically confirmed case of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis that was induced by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, as documented by subsequent patch testing, and presented with generalized painful lymphadenopathy, mimicking an acute infectious process. This is a very rare and diagnostically challenging clinical presentation of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, which has been reported, to the best of our knowledge, only once previously.

scholarly journals Culture and molecular analysis of Enterococcus faecalis and antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates from patients with failure endodontic treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Sergio Endo ◽  
Fernanda Graziela Corrêa Signoretti ◽  
Vivian Sayuri Kitayama ◽  
Ariane Cássia Salustiano Marinho ◽  
Frederico Canato Martinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Test System ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of different antibiotic agents against to the most prevalent microorganism found in root-filled canals by culture and molecular approaches. <strong>Material and </strong><strong>Methods: </strong>The microbial samples were taken either from thirty root-filled canals after removal of gutta-percha. Culture methods and 16s rDNA assay were used to identify the <em>E faecails</em> present in the samples. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates of <em>E faecalis </em>were determined by MIC values using the E test System and interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The following antibiotics were used: benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin, azithromycin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin and moxifloxacin. <strong>Results: </strong><em>E faecalis</em> were isolated (7/30) and detected (13/30) by culture and PCR assay, respectively. All tested <em>E faecalis</em> (<em>n</em>=12) were highly sensitive to amoxicillin, moxifloxacin, vancomycin, benzylpenicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Some antibiotics were resistant against <em>E faecalis </em>strains such as rifampicin (4/12), tetracycline (2/12), doxycycline (1/12), erythromycin (3/12) and azythromycin (8/12). <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, benzylpenicillin, vancomycin and moxifloxacin were the most active antibiotics, in vitro, against <em>E faecalis</em> clinical strains, with all the isolates being susceptible. Azithromycin and erythromycin were least effective, with none percentage of isolates being susceptible, during laboratory testing. Moreover, <em>E faecalis </em>were identified more frequently by PCR assay than by culture technique.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Retreatment; Antibiotics, antimicrobial susceptibility; <em>Enterococcus faecalis;</em> Antibiotic resistance. </p>

scholarly journals β-Lactamase Production and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Oral Heterogeneous Fusobacterium nucleatum Populations in Young Children

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1270-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Könönen ◽  
A. Kanervo ◽  
K. Salminen ◽  
H. Jousimies-Somer
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Good Activity ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

ABSTRACT Oral Fusobacterium nucleatum populations from 20 young, healthy children were examined for β-lactamase production. Ten children (50%) harbored, altogether, 25 β-lactamase-positiveF. nucleatum isolates that were identified as F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum, F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, and F. nucleatum subsp. vincentii (J. L. Dzink, M. T. Sheenan, and S. S. Socransky, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40:74–78, 1990). In vitro susceptibility of these β-lactamase-producing and 26 non-β-lactamase-producing F. nucleatum isolates was tested with penicillin G, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, tetracycline hydrochloride, metronidazole, trovafloxacin, and azithromycin. Except for penicillin G, the antimicrobials exhibited good activity against all F. nucleatum isolates.

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