scholarly journals Local reputation, local selection, and the leading eight norms

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirsendu Podder ◽  
Simone Righi ◽  
Károly Takács
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity ◽  
Global Evolution ◽  
Local Selection ◽  
High Level ◽  
Global Reputation

AbstractHumans are capable of solving cooperation problems following social norms. Social norms dictate appropriate behaviour and judgement on others in response to their previous actions and reputation. Recently, the so-called leading eight norms have been identified from many potential social norms that can sustain cooperation through a reputation-based indirect reciprocity mechanism. Despite indirect reciprocity being claimed to extend direct reciprocity in larger populations where direct experiences cannot be accumulated, the success of social norms have been analysed in models with global information and evolution. This study is the first to analyse the leading eight norms with local information and evolution. We find that the leading eight are robust against selfish players within most scenarios and can maintain a high level of cooperation also with local information and evolution. In fact, local evolution sustains cooperation under a wider set of conditions than global evolution, while local reputation does not hinder cooperation compared to global reputation. Four of the leading eight norms that do not reward justified defection offer better chances for cooperation with quick evolution, reputation with noise, larger networks, and when unconditional defectors enter the population.

Do You Want to See the Tree? Ignore the Forest

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Poirel ◽  
Claire Sara Krakowski ◽  
Sabrina Sayah ◽  
Arlette Pineau ◽  
Olivier Houdé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Hierarchical Stimuli ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
The One

The visual environment consists of global structures (e.g., a forest) made up of local parts (e.g., trees). When compound stimuli are presented (e.g., large global letters composed of arrangements of small local letters), the global unattended information slows responses to local targets. Using a negative priming paradigm, we investigated whether inhibition is required to process hierarchical stimuli when information at the local level is in conflict with the one at the global level. The results show that when local and global information is in conflict, global information must be inhibited to process local information, but that the reverse is not true. This finding has potential direct implications for brain models of visual recognition, by suggesting that when local information is conflicting with global information, inhibitory control reduces feedback activity from global information (e.g., inhibits the forest) which allows the visual system to process local information (e.g., to focus attention on a particular tree).

scholarly journals A Study of OWA Operators Learned in Convolutional Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7195
Author(s):  
Iris Dominguez-Catena ◽  
Daniel Paternain ◽  
Mikel Galar
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Weighted Averaging ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Owa Operator ◽  
Owa Operators ◽  
Ordered Weighted Averaging

Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operators have been integrated in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for image classification through the OWA layer. This layer lets the CNN integrate global information about the image in the early stages, where most CNN architectures only allow for the exploitation of local information. As a side effect of this integration, the OWA layer becomes a practical method for the determination of OWA operator weights, which is usually a difficult task that complicates the integration of these operators in other fields. In this paper, we explore the weights learned for the OWA operators inside the OWA layer, characterizing them through their basic properties of orness and dispersion. We also compare them to some families of OWA operators, namely the Binomial OWA operator, the Stancu OWA operator and the exponential RIM OWA operator, finding examples that are currently impossible to generalize through these parameterizations.

scholarly journals Indirect reciprocity can overcome free-rider problems on costly moral assessment

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 20160341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Sasaki ◽  
Isamu Okada ◽  
Yutaka Nakai
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Free Rider ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity ◽  
Accurate Evaluation ◽  
Assessment Systems ◽  
Moral Assessment

Indirect reciprocity is one of the major mechanisms of the evolution of cooperation. Because constant monitoring and accurate evaluation in moral assessments tend to be costly, indirect reciprocity can be exploited by cost evaders. A recent study crucially showed that a cooperative state achieved by indirect reciprocators is easily destabilized by cost evaders in the case with no supportive mechanism. Here, we present a simple and widely applicable solution that considers pre-assessment of cost evaders. In the pre-assessment, those who fail to pay for costly assessment systems are assigned a nasty image that leads to them being rejected by discriminators. We demonstrate that considering the pre-assessment can crucially stabilize reciprocal cooperation for a broad range of indirect reciprocity models. In particular for the most leading social norms, we analyse the conditions under which a prosocial state becomes locally stable.

scholarly journals A Self-Orgnizing Model for Peer-to-Peer Systems using Trust Relations

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5394-5397
Author(s):  
Sourabh S. Mahajan ◽  
S.K. Pathan
Keyword(s):  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Trust Network ◽  
Trust Relationship ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trust Relationships ◽  
Peer To Peer Systems ◽  
Information Trustworthiness

Peer-to-Peer systems enables the interactions of peers to accomplish tasks. Attacks of peers with malicious can be reduced by establishing trust relationship among peers. In this paper we presents algorithms which helps a peer to reason about trustworthiness of other peers based on interactions in the past and recommendations. Local information is used to create trust network of peers and does not need to deal with global information. Trustworthiness of peers in providing services can be describedby Service metric and recommendation metric. Parameters considered for evaluating interactions and recommendations are Recentness, Importance and Peer Satisfaction. Trust relationships helps a good peer to isolate malicious peers.

scholarly journals Violence of women as an actual phenomenon in present-day society

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Y. Kokorina ◽  
K. Adamchuk
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Psychological Pressure ◽  
High Level ◽  
Experimental Group

In this work the domestic violence, women, was investigated. In the experimental group of women, a high level of neuroticism, spontaneous aggressiveness, and low level of emotional intelligence and signs of depression were revealed. That is, women who have been abused, have an inherent constant feeling of anxiety, and insecurity. Most of the women in the experimental group are co-dependent. They are unsure of themselves, responsive, soft, and try to act in accordance with social norms. Based on the analysis, it can be argued that there are much more families where several types of violence are present at once than those where only psychological pressure is used. In this work the domestic violence, women, was investigated. In the experimental group of women, a high level of neuroticism, spontaneous aggressiveness, and low level of emotional intelligence and signs of depression were revealed. That is, women who have been abused, have an inherent constant feeling of anxiety, and insecurity. Most of the women in the experimental group are co-dependent. They are unsure of themselves, responsive, soft, and try to act in accordance with social norms. Based on the analysis, it can be argued that there are much more families where several types of violence are present at once than those where only psychological pressure is used.

Processing of global and local information in memory

1989 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rino Rumiati ◽  
Roberto Nicoletti ◽  
Remo Job
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Capital Letter ◽  
Global And Local

The experiments reported in this paper were designed to test how global and local information are processed by the memory system. When subjects are required to match a given letter with either a previously presented large capital letter or the small capital letters comprising it, (1) responses to the global level (i.e. the big letter) are faster than responses to the local level (i.e. the small letters), and (2) responses to the latter level only are affected by the consistency between the large and the small letters (Experiment 2), a pattern similar to that obtained in perception (Experiment 1). Such results obtain when subjects are required to attend to only one level with a short ISI between the first and second stimulus, but not when a longer ISI is used (Experiment 5) or when subjects are required to attend to both levels at the same time (Experiments 3 and 4). The results are discussed in the light of a model that postulates a temporal precedence of the global information over the local one at the perceptual level.

Local Jekyll and Global Hyde

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1518-1526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Miellet ◽  
Roberto Caldara ◽  
Philippe G. Schyns
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Face Identification ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Global Information ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Identification Performance ◽  
Complementary Information

The main concern in face-processing research is to understand the processes underlying the identification of faces. In the study reported here, we addressed this issue by examining whether local or global information supports face identification. We developed a new methodology called “ iHybrid.” This technique combines two famous identities in a gaze-contingent paradigm, which simultaneously provides local, foveated information from one face and global, complementary information from a second face. Behavioral face-identification performance and eye-tracking data showed that the visual system identified faces on the basis of either local or global information depending on the location of the observer’s first fixation. In some cases, a given observer even identified the same face using local information on one trial and global information on another trial. A validation in natural viewing conditions confirmed our findings. These results clearly demonstrate that face identification is not rooted in a single, or even preferred, information-gathering strategy.

Reciprocal Social Strategy in Social Repeated Games and Emergence of Social Norms

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 1760007
Author(s):  
Chi-Kong Chan ◽  
Jianye Hao ◽  
Ho-Fung Leung
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Repeated Games ◽  
Repeated Game ◽  
Social Utility ◽  
Learning Mechanism ◽  
Artificial Society ◽  
Social Strategy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

In an artificial society where agents repeatedly interact with one another, effective coordination among agents is generally a challenge. This is especially true when the participating agents are self-interested, and that there is no central authority to coordinate, and direct communication or negotiation are not possible. Recently, the problem was studied in a paper by Hao and Leung, where a new repeated game mechanism for modeling multi-agent interactions as well as a new reinforcement learning based agent learning method were proposed. In particular, the game mechanism differs from traditional repeated games in that the agents are anonymous, and the agents interact with randomly chosen opponents during each iteration. Their learning mechanism allows agents to coordinate without negotiations. The initial results had been promising. However, extended simulation also reveals that the outcomes are not stable in the long run in some cases, as the high level of cooperation is eventually not sustainable. In this work, we revisit he problem and propose a new learning mechanism as follows. First, we propose an enhanced Q-learning-based framework that allows the agents to better capture both the individual and social utilities that they have learned through observations. Second, we propose a new concept of \social attitude" for determining the action of the agents throughout the game. Simulation results reveal that this approach can achieve higher social utility, including close-to-optimal results in some scenarios, and more importantly, the results are sustainable with social norms emerging.

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