Self-generation and sound intensity interactively modulate perceptual bias, but not perceptual sensitivity

AbstractThe ability to distinguish self-generated stimuli from those caused by external sources is critical for all behaving organisms. Although many studies point to a sensory attenuation of self-generated stimuli, recent evidence suggests that motor actions can result in either attenuated or enhanced perceptual processing depending on the environmental context (i.e., stimulus intensity). The present study employed 2-AFC sound detection and loudness discrimination tasks to test whether sound source (self- or externally-generated) and stimulus intensity (supra- or near-threshold) interactively modulate detection ability and loudness perception. Self-generation did not affect detection and discrimination sensitivity (i.e., detection thresholds and Just Noticeable Difference, respectively). However, in the discrimination task, we observed a significant interaction between self-generation and intensity on perceptual bias (i.e. Point of Subjective Equality). Supra-threshold self-generated sounds were perceived softer than externally-generated ones, while at near-threshold intensities self-generated sounds were perceived louder than externally-generated ones. Our findings provide empirical support to recent theories on how predictions and signal intensity modulate perceptual processing, pointing to interactive effects of intensity and self-generation that seem to be driven by a biased estimate of perceived loudness, rather by changes in detection and discrimination sensitivity.HighlightsSelf-generation and stimulus intensity interactively shape auditory perception.Supra-threshold self-generated sounds are perceptually attenuated.When near-threshold, perceived intensity is enhanced for self-generated sounds.Self-generation and intensity modulate perceptual bias, rather than sensitivity.Surprise-driven attentional mechanisms may underlie these perceptual shifts.

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Lawful relation between perceptual bias and discriminability

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1619153114 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 114 (38) ◽

pp. 10244-10249 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Xue-Xin Wei ◽

Alan A. Stocker

Keyword(s):

Empirical Support ◽

Human Perception ◽

Perceptual Bias ◽

Contextual Modulation ◽

Mathematical Relation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Optimal Encoding ◽

Stimulus Value ◽

Sensory Encoding ◽

Perceptual Changes

Perception of a stimulus can be characterized by two fundamental psychophysical measures: how well the stimulus can be discriminated from similar ones (discrimination threshold) and how strongly the perceived stimulus value deviates on average from the true stimulus value (perceptual bias). We demonstrate that perceptual bias and discriminability, as functions of the stimulus value, follow a surprisingly simple mathematical relation. The relation, which is derived from a theory combining optimal encoding and decoding, is well supported by a wide range of reported psychophysical data including perceptual changes induced by contextual modulation. The large empirical support indicates that the proposed relation may represent a psychophysical law in human perception. Our results imply that the computational processes of sensory encoding and perceptual decoding are matched and optimized based on identical assumptions about the statistical structure of the sensory environment.

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Customer gratitude in relationship marketing strategies: a cross-cultural e-tailing perspective

Journal of Consumer Marketing ◽

10.1108/jcm-08-2019-3380 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 445-455

Author(s):

Kyle A. Huggins ◽

Darin W. White ◽

Betsy Bugg Holloway ◽

John D. Hansen

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Relationship Marketing ◽

Word Of Mouth ◽

Process Analysis ◽

Empirical Support ◽

Performance Outcomes ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Content Type ◽

Web Quality

Purpose This study aims to examine how an organization’s Web-based marketing communication strategies drive feelings of customer gratitude and desired behavioral responses. The study specifically examines how a key cultural characteristic, ethnic identity, works in conjunction with Web quality to influence customers’ gratitude perceptions, thereby driving increases in positive word of mouth, repeat purchase intentions and price tolerance. Design/methodology/approach A major soccer e-retailer based in the USA collected survey data for the study. The authors examined the direct and indirect effects of Web quality through conditional process analysis. Findings Study findings indicate that customers’ Web quality and ethnic identity perceptions significantly influence customer gratitude and performance outcomes. Study findings also demonstrate the central mediating role of gratitude on the main and interactive effects of Web quality and ethnic identity. Practical implications Study findings suggest that online strategies of cultural-adaptation should go beyond integration of native language to include all key dimensions of website quality, to drive consumer gratitude and ultimately favorable outcomes such as word of mouth, price tolerance and repurchase intentions. Originality/value This research demonstrates empirical support for the successful deployment of relationship marketing efforts that impact all three dimensions (affect, cognition and behavioral intention) of customer gratitude.

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CAPABILITIES, INNOVATION, AND OVERALL PERFORMANCE IN BRAZILIAN EXPORT FIRMS

RAM Revista de Administração Mackenzie ◽

10.1590/1678-69712015/administracao.v16n3p76-108 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 76-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

JOSÉ EDNILSON DE OLIVEIRA CABRAL ◽

ARNALDO FERNANDES MATOS COELHO ◽

FILIPE JORGE FERNANDES COELHO ◽

MARIA DA PENHA BRAGA COSTA

Keyword(s):

Firm Size ◽

Product Innovation ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Empirical Support ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Moderating Variables ◽

Innovative Capabilities ◽

Overall Performance ◽

The Relationship

ABSTRACT This article extends the current research on innovation by investigating the relationship between innovative capabilities and export firms’ overall performance. From the perspectives of the resource-based view (RBV) and dynamic capability, we examine the differential and interactive effects of exploration and exploitation capabilities in product innovation for external markets and overall performance (direct and mediated by a new product). In addition, we test the moderating effect of market dynamism and the controlling effect of firm size on these relationships. Hence, the main contribution of this article is developing and empirically testing an original model, by combining these constructs that address new relationships, in an emerging country. This model was tested with data from 498 Brazilian export firms, distributed throughout all Brazilian manufacturing sectors, by firm size, and in states. The analysis was made with application of the structural equation modeling (SEM). As a result, we found support for the assumptions that exploitation capabilities influence product innovation and overall performance, whereas exploration capabilities and their interaction to exploitation capabilities influence overall performance, but not product innovation. Additionally, the relationship between exploitation capabilities and overall performance is mediated by product innovation. Unlike hypothesized, market dynamism does not moderate the relationship between product innovation and overall performance. Furthermore, firm size works as a controlling variable in the relationships analyzed. Regarding the implications for theory, this study contributes to grasp that exploitation capabilities influences a firm’s overall performance, both directly and indirectly (via product innovation), and highlights the various direct and mediatory effects of innovation on overall performance. These insights show the importance of considering the role of mediating and moderating variables in theory and research models that address the determinants of overall performance to avoid overestimation of certain constructs. Finally, the paper provides original empirical support for the hypothesis of the interdependency of product innovations for external markets and overall performance.

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Visual stimulus intensity and location probability: Interactive effects on choice reaction time

Scandinavian Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1111/j.1467-9450.1980.tb00357.x ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 175-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

PEKKA NIEMI ◽

ESKO KESKINEN

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Stimulus Intensity ◽

Choice Reaction Time ◽

Visual Stimulus ◽

Interactive Effects

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The Contribution of Eye-Movement Research to an Understanding of the Nature of Pictorial Balance Perception: A Review of the Literature

Empirical Studies of the Arts ◽

10.2190/d77m-3nu4-dq88-h1qg ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 143-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Paul J. Locher

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Empirical Support ◽

Perceptual Processing ◽

Graphic Representation ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Visual Displays

The study of eye movements has been very successful in providing empirical support for theoretical writings concerning the influence of pictorial balance on perceptual processing of pictures and other types of visual displays. This article describes the nature of pictorial balance that emerges from eye-movement research and related empirical findings. A graphic representation of the interaction of stimulus-driven and cognitively-driven aspects of balance perception derived from this literature is presented and discussed.

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When Physical and Social Distances Produce An Analogical Perceptual Bias in the Ebbinghaus Illusion

European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies ◽

10.26417/ejis.v4i2.p52-58 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 52

Author(s):

Kévin Moinier ◽

Juliette Gasquet ◽

Vincent Murday

Keyword(s):

Social Distance ◽

Physical Distance ◽

Physical Experiment ◽

Perceptual Bias ◽

Perceptual Processing ◽

Ebbinghaus Illusion ◽

Perceptual Dimension ◽

The Social ◽

Physically Based ◽

Size Contrast

Grounded theory argues that perceptual and memory processes share common sensorimotor properties, and that they influence each other during perceptual processing of the environment’s features. When these principles are applied to social cognition, it was shown that to live, or represent, a situation related to a social distance concept (e.g., ostracism) leads to a similar bias on the perceptual judgements of the space’s properties, illustrating that distance-physical cues are intrinsically linked to social concepts. In two experiments using an Ebbinghaus illusion based-paradigm, we investigated the symmetrical incidence produced by a perceptual physical (Experiment 1) and conceptual social distance (Experiment 2) on the perceptual judgements of size. The present findings have shown an analogical pattern of results, regardless of whether the perceived distance between the central and inducer disks was physically or conceptually manipulated. Experiment 1 indicated that when the physical distance between these latter disks was important, the size-contrast perceptual bias was weaker. Experiment 2 has shown a similar weakness of the Ebbinghaus illusion when the social distance was present between the central and inducer disks. A plausible explanation for both sets of findings is that insofar as social distance concepts are physically based, it appears that a perceptual dimension of physical distance can be reactivated by the presence of a conceptual social distance between stimuli. As a consequence, it is not surprizing that a analogical size-contrast perceptual bias emerges when a perceptual physical distance and conceptual social distance are inserted in Ebbinghaus illusion figures.

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Interactive effects of preparatory intervals, stimulus intensity, and experimental design on reaction time.

Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1037/h0027244 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 80 (2, Pt.1) ◽

pp. 311-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

George Kellas ◽

Alfred A. Baumeister ◽

Stephen J. Wilcox

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Experimental Design ◽

Stimulus Intensity ◽

Interactive Effects

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Asymmetries in behavioral and neural responses to spectral cues demonstrate the generality of auditory looming bias

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1703247114 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 114 (36) ◽

pp. 9743-9748 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Robert Baumgartner ◽

Darrin K. Reed ◽

Brigitta Tóth ◽

Virginia Best ◽

Piotr Majdak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sound Intensity ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Perceptual Bias ◽

Natural Environments ◽

Motion Direction ◽

Spectral Contrast ◽

Spectral Cues ◽

Late Event ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Auditory Looming

Studies of auditory looming bias have shown that sources increasing in intensity are more salient than sources decreasing in intensity. Researchers have argued that listeners are more sensitive to approaching sounds compared with receding sounds, reflecting an evolutionary pressure. However, these studies only manipulated overall sound intensity; therefore, it is unclear whether looming bias is truly a perceptual bias for changes in source distance, or only in sound intensity. Here we demonstrate both behavioral and neural correlates of looming bias without manipulating overall sound intensity. In natural environments, the pinnae induce spectral cues that give rise to a sense of externalization; when spectral cues are unnatural, sounds are perceived as closer to the listener. We manipulated the contrast of individually tailored spectral cues to create sounds of similar intensity but different naturalness. We confirmed that sounds were perceived as approaching when spectral contrast decreased, and perceived as receding when spectral contrast increased. We measured behavior and electroencephalography while listeners judged motion direction. Behavioral responses showed a looming bias in that responses were more consistent for sounds perceived as approaching than for sounds perceived as receding. In a control experiment, looming bias disappeared when spectral contrast changes were discontinuous, suggesting that perceived motion in distance and not distance itself was driving the bias. Neurally, looming bias was reflected in an asymmetry of late event-related potentials associated with motion evaluation. Hence, both our behavioral and neural findings support a generalization of the auditory looming bias, representing a perceptual preference for approaching auditory objects.

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CONTEXTUALIZING ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS: ECONOMIC DYNAMISM AND CULTURE IN MULTILAYERED RELATIONSHIPS

Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship ◽

10.1142/s1084946721500254 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

XIAOHUA LIN ◽

AKIN KOÇAK ◽

ALAN CARSRUD

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Economic Development ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Stable State ◽

Empirical Support ◽

The United States ◽

Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Future Research ◽

Gem Data

We examine how economic dynamism, along with the cultural orientation of individualism vs. collectivism shape the multilayered relationships between perceptual variables—self efficacy, attitude, social capital and perceived opportunities—and entrepreneurial intentions (EI). For the first time, we introduce economic dynamism as a national context variable for EI. We also join a group of entrepreneurship scholars to apply a multilayered approach to account for the multiple interactions among individual and contextual variables. We test our hypotheses using country-level aggregates of GEM data. For comparison purposes, we consider four nations differentiated along the dimensions of economic dynamism and the cultural trait of individualism vs. collectivism, namely, China, Italy, Japan and the United States. The results show that self-efficacy predicts EI across all four nations; the interactive effects between perceived opportunities and attitude and between social capital and attitude are contingent upon national contexts in terms of economic dynamism and individualism vs. collectivism. Although economic development long has been a popular contextual variable in the study of EI, there remains a lack of empirical support. One reason is economic development assumes a stable state, when in fact changes in an economy may be more critical in impacting entrepreneurial intentions. In the current study, we replace economic development with that of economic dynamism. Future research needs to refine the construct and develop a measure of it.

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