scholarly journals Expansion and application of dye tracers for measuring solid food intake and food preference in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon C. Shell ◽  
Yuan Luo ◽  
Scott Pletcher ◽  
Mike Grotewiel
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Food Preference ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Mating Status ◽  
Genetic Pathways ◽  
Dye Tracer

AbstractThe Drosophila model is used to investigate the effects of diet on physiology as well as the effects of genetic pathways, neural systems and environment on feeding behavior. We previously showed that Blue 1 works well as a dye tracer to track consumption of agar-based media in Drosophila in a method called Con-Ex. Here, we describe Orange 4 as a novel dye for use in Con-Ex studies that expands the utility of this method. Con-Ex experiments using Orange 4 detect the predicted effects of starvation, mating status, strain, and sex on feeding behavior in flies. Orange 4 is consumed and excreted into vials linearly with time in Con-Ex experiments, the number of replicates required to detect differences between groups when using Orange 4 is comparable to that for Blue 1, and excretion of the dye reflects the volume of consumed dye. In food preference studies using Orange 4 and Blue 1 as a dye pair, flies decreased their intake of food laced with the aversive tastants caffeine and NaCl as determined using Con-Ex or a more recently described modification called EX-Q. Our results indicate that Orange 4 is suitable for Con-Ex experiments, has comparable utility to Blue 1 in Con-Ex studies, and can be paired with Blue 1 to assess food preference via both Con-Ex and EX-Q.

scholarly journals Measurement of solid food intake in Drosophila via consumption-excretion of a dye tracer

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon C. Shell ◽  
Rebecca E. Schmitt ◽  
Kristen M. Lee ◽  
Jacob C. Johnson ◽  
Brian Y. Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Dye Tracer

Hepatic portal glucose infusions decrease food intake and increase food preference

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (1) ◽  
pp. R192-R196 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Tordoff ◽  
M. I. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Food Preference ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Reduce Food Intake ◽  
Test Situation ◽  
Decrease Food Intake ◽  
Hepatic Portal

We examined the contribution of experimental factors to the hepatic control of food intake. Rats with either hepatic portal or jugular catheters were infused four times with glucose (4.5 mg/min) and equitonic saline (2 ml/2 h). During the infusions their food contained nonnutritive chocolate or chicken flavor, depending on the infusate received. Hepatic portal glucose decreased food intake relative to saline and no infusion conditions, but jugular glucose did not. When allowed to choose between the flavors associated with each infusate, rats with hepatic portal catheters preferred the flavor eaten during glucose infusion, and rats with jugular catheters showed no preference. These results suggest that a mechanism located in the liver can reduce food intake without producing malaise and that portal glucose can act as an unconditioned stimulus for the acquisition of a learned food preference. Several reports that hepatic portal infusions do not alter feeding behavior may be explained by a failure to control for previous experience in the test situation.

Effects of neurosecretory protein GL on food intake and fat accumulation under different dietary nutrient compositions in rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Fukumura ◽  
Kenshiro Shikano ◽  
Yuaki Narimatsu ◽  
Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena ◽  
Megumi Furumitsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Infusion ◽  
Body Mass Gain ◽  
Sucrose Diet

Abstract We recently identified a novel hypothalamic small protein, named neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), which is involved in energy homeostasis in birds and mammals. However, whether the action of NPGL is influenced by nutritional composition remains unknown. Thus, we investigated the effect of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of NPGL for 13 days on feeding behavior and body mass gain under a normal chow diet (NC), high-fat diet, high-sucrose diet (HSD), and medium-fat/medium-sucrose diet (MFSD) in rats. NPGL stimulated food intake of NC and MFSD, especially during the light period. By contrast, NPGL decreased body mass gain under NC and increased total white adipose tissue mass in HSD- and MFSD-fed rats. These data suggest that the effects of NPGL on feeding behavior, body mass gain, and fat accumulation depend on nutrient type. Among them, sucrose in diets seems to contribute to fat accumulation elicited by NPGL.

scholarly journals Impaired branched chain amino acid metabolism alters feeding behavior and increases orexigenic neuropeptide expression in the hypothalamus

2011 ◽  
Vol 212 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan N Purpera ◽  
Li Shen ◽  
Marzieh Taghavi ◽  
Heike Münzberg ◽  
Roy J Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Protein Status ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acid ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Branched Chain Aminotransferase ◽  
Deficient Mice

Elevation of dietary or brain leucine appears to suppress food intake via a mechanism involving mechanistic target of rapamycin, AMPK, and/or branched chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. Mice bearing a deletion of mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferase (BCATm), which is expressed in peripheral tissues (muscle) and brain glia, exhibit marked increases in circulating BCAAs. Here, we test whether this increase alters feeding behavior and brain neuropeptide expression. Circulating and brain levels of BCAAs were increased two- to four-fold in BCATm-deficient mice (KO). KO mice weighed less than controls (25.9 vs 20.4 g,P<0.01), but absolute food intake was relatively unchanged. In contrast to wild-type mice, KO mice preferred a low-BCAA diet to a control diet (P<0.05) but exhibited no change in preference for low- vs high-protein (HP) diets. KO mice also exhibited low leptin levels and increased hypothalamicNpyandAgrpmRNA. Normalization of circulating leptin levels had no effect on either food preference or the increasedNpyandAgrpmRNA expression. If BCAAs act as signals of protein status, one would expect reduced food intake, avoidance of dietary protein, and reduction in neuropeptide expression in BCATm-KO mice. Instead, these mice exhibit an increased expression of orexigenic neuropeptides and an avoidance of BCAAs but not HP. These data thus suggest that either BCAAs do not act as physiological signals of protein status or the loss of BCAA metabolism within brain glia impairs the detection of protein balance.

scholarly journals GLP-2 receptor in POMC neurons suppresses feeding behavior and gastric motility

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (7) ◽  
pp. E853-E864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinfu Guan ◽  
Xuemei Shi ◽  
Xiaojie Li ◽  
Benny Chang ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Gastric Motility ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Melanocortin Receptor ◽  
Melanocortin System ◽  
Dorsomedial Nucleus

Glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1/2) are cosecreted from endocrine L cells in the gut and preproglucagonergic neurons in the brain. Peripheral GLP-2 action is essential for maintaining intestinal homeostasis, improving absorption efficiency and blood flow, promoting immune defense, and producing efficacy in treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. However, it is unknown if CNS GLP-2 plays a physiological role in the control of energy homeostasis. Since GLP-1/2 are cotranslated from preproglucagongene and coproduced by prohormone convertase-1, it is challenging to knockout GLP-2 only. Instead, our laboratory has generated a Glp2r-floxed mouse line to dissect cell-specific GLP-2 receptor GLP-2R) action in the regulation of energy balance. Our objective was to determine if GLP-2R in the hypothalamus modulates feeding behavior and gastric emptying. We show that Glp2r mRNA and protein are highly expressed in the arcuate nucleus and dorsomedial nucleus of the mouse hypothalamus. Using the Cre-LoxP system, we generated mice that lack Glp2r expression in POMC neurons (KO; mainly in the hypothalamus). The KO mice showed hyperphagic behavior (such as increases in food intake and meal frequency), accelerated gastric emptying (assessed by [13C]octanoic acid breath test), and late-onset obesity, yet there was no decrease in basal metabolic rate. Infusion of GLP-2 (2.5 nmol into the 4th ventricle) suppressed food intake and gastric emptying, while GLP-2-mediated effects were abolished in the melanocortin receptor-4 (MC4R) KO mice. We conclude that Glp2r deletion in POMC neurons enhances feeding behavior and gastric motility, whereas icv GLP-2R activation suppresses food intake and gastric emptying through the MC4R signaling pathway. This study indicates that CNS GLP-2R plays a physiological role in the control of feeding behavior and gastric emptying and that this is mediated probably through the melanocortin system.

Brain regulation of feeding behavior and food intake in fish

2000 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinwei Lin ◽  
Hélène Volkoff ◽  
Yuwaraj Narnaware ◽  
Nicholas J Bernier ◽  
Pierre Peyon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behavior

scholarly journals Fish Feed Intake, Feeding Behavior, and the Physiological Response of Apelin to Fasting and Refeeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Assan ◽  
Yanlin Huang ◽  
Umar Farouk Mustapha ◽  
Mercy Nabila Addah ◽  
Guangli Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Extrinsic Factors

Feed is one of the most important external signals in fish that stimulates its feeding behavior and growth. The intake of feed is the main factor determining efficiency and cost, maximizing production efficiency in a fish farming firm. The physiological mechanism regulating food intake lies between an intricate connection linking central and peripheral signals that are unified in the hypothalamus consequently responding to the release of appetite-regulating genes that eventually induce or hinder appetite, such as apelin; a recently discovered peptide produced by several tissues with diverse physiological actions mediated by its receptor, such as feed regulation. Extrinsic factors have a great influence on food intake and feeding behavior in fish. Under these factors, feeding in fish is decontrolled and the appetite indicators in the brain do not function appropriately thus, in controlling conditions which result in the fluctuations in the expression of these appetite-relating genes, which in turn decrease food consumption. Here, we examine the research advancements in fish feeding behavior regarding dietary selection and preference and identify some key external influences on feed intake and feeding behavior. Also, we present summaries of the results of research findings on apelin as an appetite-regulating hormone in fish. We also identified gaps in knowledge and directions for future research to fully ascertain the functional importance of apelin in fish.

scholarly journals Uneven balance of power between hypothalamic peptidergic neurons in the control of feeding

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (40) ◽  
pp. E9489-E9498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Wei ◽  
David M. Krolewski ◽  
Shannon Moore ◽  
Vivek Kumar ◽  
Fei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Endogenous Opioid System ◽  
Endogenous Opioid ◽  
Neuronal Projection ◽  
Functional Understanding ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Opposing Effects

Two classes of peptide-producing neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) of the hypothalamus are known to exert opposing actions on feeding: the anorexigenic neurons that express proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and the orexigenic neurons that express agouti-related protein (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). These neurons are thought to arise from a common embryonic progenitor, but our anatomical and functional understanding of the interplay of these two peptidergic systems that contribute to the control of feeding remains incomplete. The present study uses a combination of optogenetic stimulation with viral and transgenic approaches, coupled with neural activity mapping and brain transparency visualization to demonstrate the following: (i) selective activation of Arc POMC neurons inhibits food consumption rapidly in unsated animals; (ii) activation of Arc neurons arising from POMC-expressing progenitors, including POMC and a subset of AgRP neurons, triggers robust feeding behavior, even in the face of satiety signals from POMC neurons; (iii) the opposing effects on food intake are associated with distinct neuronal projection and activation patterns of adult hypothalamic POMC neurons versus Arc neurons derived from POMC-expressing lineages; and (iv) the increased food intake following the activation of orexigenic neurons derived from POMC-expressing progenitors engages an extensive neural network that involves the endogenous opioid system. Together, these findings shed further light on the dynamic balance between two peptidergic systems in the moment-to-moment regulation of feeding behavior.

scholarly journals Genetic variation affects binge feeding behavior in female inbred mouse strains

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon A. Newmyer ◽  
Ciarra M. Whindleton ◽  
Nandan Srinivasa ◽  
Marieke K. Jones ◽  
Michael M. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Inbred Mouse Strains ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Calorie Diet

Abstract Identifying genetic variants that regulate binge eating (BE) is critical for understanding the factors that control this behavior and for the development of pharmacological treatment strategies. Although several studies have revealed specific genes capable of affecting BE behavior, less is known about how genetic variation modulates BE. Thus, through a paradigm that promoted binge-like food intake through intermittent access to high calorie diet (HCD), we quantified food-intake in four inbred mouse strains: C57Bl/6J (B6), NOD/LtJ (NOD), 129S1/SvlmJ (S1), and A/J (AJ). We report that genetic variation likely influences the chronic regulation of food intake and the binge-like consumption of a palatable HCD. AJ mice consumed more of both standard chow and HCD than the other three strains tested when both diets were available ad libitum, while S1 mice consumed significantly less HCD than other strains during intermittent HCD access. Behavioral differences were also associated with differential changes in c-Fos immunohistochemistry in brain regions traditionally associated with appetite regulation. Our results identify 129S1/SvlmJ as a strain that exhibits low levels of binge feeding behavior and suggests that this strain could be useful in the investigation of the influence of genetic variation in the control of binge food intake.

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