Fish Feed Intake, Feeding Behavior, and the Physiological Response of Apelin to Fasting and Refeeding

Feed is one of the most important external signals in fish that stimulates its feeding behavior and growth. The intake of feed is the main factor determining efficiency and cost, maximizing production efficiency in a fish farming firm. The physiological mechanism regulating food intake lies between an intricate connection linking central and peripheral signals that are unified in the hypothalamus consequently responding to the release of appetite-regulating genes that eventually induce or hinder appetite, such as apelin; a recently discovered peptide produced by several tissues with diverse physiological actions mediated by its receptor, such as feed regulation. Extrinsic factors have a great influence on food intake and feeding behavior in fish. Under these factors, feeding in fish is decontrolled and the appetite indicators in the brain do not function appropriately thus, in controlling conditions which result in the fluctuations in the expression of these appetite-relating genes, which in turn decrease food consumption. Here, we examine the research advancements in fish feeding behavior regarding dietary selection and preference and identify some key external influences on feed intake and feeding behavior. Also, we present summaries of the results of research findings on apelin as an appetite-regulating hormone in fish. We also identified gaps in knowledge and directions for future research to fully ascertain the functional importance of apelin in fish.

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A multi-population survey on swine feeding behavior with electronic feeding devices

Archives Animal Breeding ◽

10.5194/aab-59-445-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 445-452

Author(s):

Wenshui Xin ◽

Xinjian Li ◽

Feng Zhang ◽

Guorong Yan ◽

Nengshui Ding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Production Efficiency ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Average Growth ◽

Feeding Station ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Set Up

Abstract. In this study, we used electronic feeding station observations of pigs to investigate their growth performance and feeding behavior. These pigs were raised in Xinda Livestock Company Ltd. in Henan, China, and followed the Chinese directive for the protection of farm animals. Electronic feeding stations are often used in pig breeding and for identifying loci associated with feed consumption. Moreover, they can also provide much valuable information on pig behavior that could be directly used to improve production efficiency. This study involves three different pig population feeding-intake data from 383 Yorkshire, 243 Landrace and 197 Duroc breeds to investigate their growth performance and feeding behavior. Similar patterns of growth performance (slow–fast–slow) were observed in the three breeds, while the Duroc have a slightly faster average growth rate throughout the whole test period. Study of the number of visits to the feeding station over 24 h detected two peaks of feeding intake activity at 08:00–09:00 and 14:00–15:00. During these two peak feeding times, lower feed intake and less occupation time were observed, implicating fiercer competition at these time periods. The effective intake time for Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire populations was 19, 16 and 19 min, respectively, suggesting that the ultimate feed intake time for each individual can be set up to 20 min for each visit. Studies on the ADFI (average daily feed intake) showed a significant difference (P value  =  0.000009) between seasons and consistent patterns for these three breeds. The present study provides a detailed survey on pig feed intake behaviors across different populations and feeding seasons.

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Obesity and adiposity: the culprit of dietary protein efficacy

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20190583 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 134 (4) ◽

pp. 389-401

Author(s):

Carla El-Mallah ◽

Omar Obeid

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Behavioural Change ◽

Physiological Mechanism ◽

Short Term ◽

The Past ◽

Body Adiposity ◽

Reduce Sugar ◽

Eye Opening ◽

Potential Strategy ◽

Limitations And Exceptions

Abstract Obesity and increased body adiposity have been alarmingly increasing over the past decades and have been linked to a rise in food intake. Many dietary restrictive approaches aiming at reducing weight have resulted in contradictory results. Additionally, some policies to reduce sugar or fat intake were not able to decrease the surge of obesity. This suggests that food intake is controlled by a physiological mechanism and that any behavioural change only leads to a short-term success. Several hypotheses have been postulated, and many of them have been rejected due to some limitations and exceptions. The present review aims at presenting a new theory behind the regulation of energy intake, therefore providing an eye-opening field for energy balance and a potential strategy for obesity management.

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Results of a comparative study of the use of fodder worms of two breeds for pool growing of young tilapy and clary catfish in the conditions of the Almaty

Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries) ◽

10.33920/sel-09-2006-09 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 73-80

Author(s):

Z. Bolatbekova ◽

S. Assylbekova ◽

B. Kulatayev ◽

S. Koishybayeva ◽

N. Bulavina

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Biochemical Composition ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Fish Farming ◽

Biological Indicators ◽

Comprehensive Analysis ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Fish Breeding ◽

Breeding Zone ◽

Improved Methods

The aryicle presents the results of a comparative study of the biochemical composition of earthworms of dendrobene and prospector rocks, the peculiarities of their cultivation and their use for feeding when growing juvenile tilapia and clary catfish. The experience of cultivating earthworms of two breeds using the improved methods of foreign authors is described. The results of a study of the biochemical composition of cultivated objects that determine their nutritional value for feeding fish are presented. The fish-breeding and biological indicators of juvenile tilapia and clary catfish, obtained during the cultivation of dendrobene and prospector in fish farming in the Almaty region (VI fish-breeding zone) during worm feeding, are analyzed. A comprehensive analysis of the studied indicators made it possible to assign a certain rating place to each worm breed in relation to its use as fish feed.

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PSV-18 The role of leptin in feed efficiency and behavior attributes of commercial beef heifers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.286 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 162-162

Author(s):

Nayan Bhowmik ◽

Kris A Ringwall ◽

Carl R Dahlen ◽

Kendall C Swanson ◽

Jeffrey A Clapper ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Breeding Season ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Beef Heifers ◽

Frame Size ◽

And Behavior ◽

Plasma Leptin

Abstract Leptin is a 16-kDa-peptide hormone product of the leptin gene (LEP) that is predominantly synthesized by adipose tissues and has known involvement in regulation of feed intake, energy expenditure, reproduction, and immune functions. The objective was to determine the association of leptin genotype (LEP c.73C >T), leptin diplotype (LEPD) and plasma leptin hormone (LEPH) concentration with growth, feed intake, feed efficiency, and behavior characteristics in developing beef heifers. A total of 336 commercial beef heifers were genotyped for the LEP c.73C >T marker. Four single nucleotide polymorphism markers including LEP c.73C >T, ARS-BFGL-NGS-59298 (intron 1), BovineHD0400026029 (upstream) and BovineHD0400026063 (downstream) of LEP were considered for haplotype analysis. Eleven LEPD were identified for this study using parsimony-based analyses. Circulating levels of LEPH were measured on 333 heifers prior to their first breeding season and used to assign low or high concentration group based on population median. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS for repeated measures, fixed effects of ancestral breed group (n = 4), dam age category (n = 4), frame size group (n = 4), project cycle nested within birth year (n = 6), week of feed trial × year, LEP (n = 3) or LEPD (n = 11) or LEPH (n = 2), as well as week × LEPH (only for LEPH). There were no significant differences between LEP genotypes (P ≥ 0.11) or LEPD (P ≥ 0.33) for any of the studied traits. Heifers with low LEPH ate fewer meals per day (P = 0.02) and had more DMI per meal (P = 0.04) compared to those with high plasma leptin. Further research is needed to better understand plasma LEPH concentration and its role in feeding behavior attributes. However, circulatory LEPH before the breeding season may serve as a predictor for feeding behavior.

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Effects of neurosecretory protein GL on food intake and fat accumulation under different dietary nutrient compositions in rats

Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1093/bbb/zbab064 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Keisuke Fukumura ◽

Kenshiro Shikano ◽

Yuaki Narimatsu ◽

Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena ◽

Megumi Furumitsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Feeding Behavior ◽

Body Mass ◽

Mass Gain ◽

Chow Diet ◽

Tissue Mass ◽

Fat Accumulation ◽

Intracerebroventricular Infusion ◽

Body Mass Gain ◽

Sucrose Diet

Abstract We recently identified a novel hypothalamic small protein, named neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), which is involved in energy homeostasis in birds and mammals. However, whether the action of NPGL is influenced by nutritional composition remains unknown. Thus, we investigated the effect of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of NPGL for 13 days on feeding behavior and body mass gain under a normal chow diet (NC), high-fat diet, high-sucrose diet (HSD), and medium-fat/medium-sucrose diet (MFSD) in rats. NPGL stimulated food intake of NC and MFSD, especially during the light period. By contrast, NPGL decreased body mass gain under NC and increased total white adipose tissue mass in HSD- and MFSD-fed rats. These data suggest that the effects of NPGL on feeding behavior, body mass gain, and fat accumulation depend on nutrient type. Among them, sucrose in diets seems to contribute to fat accumulation elicited by NPGL.

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Pre-Sleep Casein Supplementation, Metabolism, and Appetite: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13061872 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1872

Author(s):

Justin Dela Cruz ◽

David Kahan

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Food Intake ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Future Research ◽

Protein Timing ◽

Casein Protein ◽

New Research

Protein intake is an important factor for augmenting the response to resistance training in healthy individuals. Although food intake can help with anabolism during the day, the period of time during sleep is typically characterized by catabolism and other metabolic shifts. Research on the application of nighttime casein protein supplementation has introduced a new research paradigm related to protein timing. Pre-sleep casein supplementation has been attributed to improved adaptive response by skeletal muscle to resistance training through increases in muscle protein synthesis, muscle mass, and strength. However, it remains unclear what the effect of this nutritional strategy is on non-muscular parameters such as metabolism and appetite in both healthy and unhealthy populations. The purpose of this systematic review is to understand the effects of pre-sleep casein protein on energy expenditure, lipolysis, appetite, and food intake in both healthy and overweight or obese individuals. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted in CINAHL, Cochrane, and SPORTDiscus during March 2021, and 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. A summary of the main findings shows limited to no effects on metabolism or appetite when ingesting 24–48 g of casein 30 min before sleep, but data are limited, and future research is needed to clarify the relationships observed.

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Conceptualizing Mobility Inequality: Mobility and Accessibility for the Marginalized

Journal of Planning Literature ◽

10.1177/08854122211012898 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088541222110128

Author(s):

Isti Hidayati ◽

Wendy Tan ◽

Claudia Yamu

Keyword(s):

Conceptual Understanding ◽

Thought Experiments ◽

Future Research ◽

Planning Practice ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Research Directions ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors

The burgeoning landscape of literature on mobility inequalities has led to discrepancies between a conceptual understanding of mobility inequalities and its implementation in planning practice. Reviewing 270 publications across five decades, this article identifies intrinsic and extrinsic factors and approaches for understanding and analyzing mobility inequality. Using two thought experiments to critically locate variations in factors and approaches, dilemmas and challenges in addressing mobility inequality for the marginalized are exposed. The article concludes with future research directions for investigating mobility inequality.

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Impaired branched chain amino acid metabolism alters feeding behavior and increases orexigenic neuropeptide expression in the hypothalamus

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-11-0270 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 212 (1) ◽

pp. 85-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Megan N Purpera ◽

Li Shen ◽

Marzieh Taghavi ◽

Heike Münzberg ◽

Roy J Martin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Food Intake ◽

Feeding Behavior ◽

Control Diet ◽

Peripheral Tissues ◽

Protein Status ◽

Branched Chain Amino Acid ◽

Branched Chain ◽

Branched Chain Aminotransferase ◽

Deficient Mice

Elevation of dietary or brain leucine appears to suppress food intake via a mechanism involving mechanistic target of rapamycin, AMPK, and/or branched chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. Mice bearing a deletion of mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferase (BCATm), which is expressed in peripheral tissues (muscle) and brain glia, exhibit marked increases in circulating BCAAs. Here, we test whether this increase alters feeding behavior and brain neuropeptide expression. Circulating and brain levels of BCAAs were increased two- to four-fold in BCATm-deficient mice (KO). KO mice weighed less than controls (25.9 vs 20.4 g,P<0.01), but absolute food intake was relatively unchanged. In contrast to wild-type mice, KO mice preferred a low-BCAA diet to a control diet (P<0.05) but exhibited no change in preference for low- vs high-protein (HP) diets. KO mice also exhibited low leptin levels and increased hypothalamicNpyandAgrpmRNA. Normalization of circulating leptin levels had no effect on either food preference or the increasedNpyandAgrpmRNA expression. If BCAAs act as signals of protein status, one would expect reduced food intake, avoidance of dietary protein, and reduction in neuropeptide expression in BCATm-KO mice. Instead, these mice exhibit an increased expression of orexigenic neuropeptides and an avoidance of BCAAs but not HP. These data thus suggest that either BCAAs do not act as physiological signals of protein status or the loss of BCAA metabolism within brain glia impairs the detection of protein balance.

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GLP-2 receptor in POMC neurons suppresses feeding behavior and gastric motility

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00245.2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 303 (7) ◽

pp. E853-E864 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Xinfu Guan ◽

Xuemei Shi ◽

Xiaojie Li ◽

Benny Chang ◽

Yi Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Food Intake ◽

Feeding Behavior ◽

Gastric Motility ◽

Late Onset ◽

Physiological Role ◽

Immune Defense ◽

Melanocortin Receptor ◽

Melanocortin System ◽

Dorsomedial Nucleus

Glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1/2) are cosecreted from endocrine L cells in the gut and preproglucagonergic neurons in the brain. Peripheral GLP-2 action is essential for maintaining intestinal homeostasis, improving absorption efficiency and blood flow, promoting immune defense, and producing efficacy in treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. However, it is unknown if CNS GLP-2 plays a physiological role in the control of energy homeostasis. Since GLP-1/2 are cotranslated from preproglucagongene and coproduced by prohormone convertase-1, it is challenging to knockout GLP-2 only. Instead, our laboratory has generated a Glp2r-floxed mouse line to dissect cell-specific GLP-2 receptor GLP-2R) action in the regulation of energy balance. Our objective was to determine if GLP-2R in the hypothalamus modulates feeding behavior and gastric emptying. We show that Glp2r mRNA and protein are highly expressed in the arcuate nucleus and dorsomedial nucleus of the mouse hypothalamus. Using the Cre-LoxP system, we generated mice that lack Glp2r expression in POMC neurons (KO; mainly in the hypothalamus). The KO mice showed hyperphagic behavior (such as increases in food intake and meal frequency), accelerated gastric emptying (assessed by [13C]octanoic acid breath test), and late-onset obesity, yet there was no decrease in basal metabolic rate. Infusion of GLP-2 (2.5 nmol into the 4th ventricle) suppressed food intake and gastric emptying, while GLP-2-mediated effects were abolished in the melanocortin receptor-4 (MC4R) KO mice. We conclude that Glp2r deletion in POMC neurons enhances feeding behavior and gastric motility, whereas icv GLP-2R activation suppresses food intake and gastric emptying through the MC4R signaling pathway. This study indicates that CNS GLP-2R plays a physiological role in the control of feeding behavior and gastric emptying and that this is mediated probably through the melanocortin system.

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