Nano-engineered electro-responsive drug delivery systems

The treatment of several diseases requires drugs commonly administered orally or intravenously. Said administration has several drawbacks, such as low control of the necessary drug levels in plasma, making the treatment ineffective and, furthermore, side effects and low compatibility with the patient. Recently, the use of stimuli-responsive hydrogels in controlled Drug Delivery Systems (DDSs) has been considered an excellent alternative because of its inherent biocompatibility, responsiveness to physiological changes in the body, and diversity of both natural and synthetic material options. The present work focuses mainly on the synthesis, characterization, and drug release capacity of poly (N-vinyl caprolactam) (PVCL) and poly (N-vinyl caprolactam) microgels crosslinked with various concentrations of poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), which show temperature stimuli-responsiveness near the physiological temperature of the human body. For that reason, changes in the average hydrodynamic particle diameter at different temperatures are estimated and correlated with the drug release rate. The model drug chosen for releasing studies is colchicine, a potential drug for gout disease treatment, currently in disuse because of its low therapeutic index. It is expected that the use of the control release procedure by drug encapsulation in this polymer overcomes this drawback. The synthesis of PVCL homopolymer and three VCL-co-PEGDA hydrogels varying the PEGDA crosslinker concentration was successfully carried out by emulsion polymerization. Their characterization was performed by DLS and FTIR spectroscopy. Polymerization yields were estimated by total solids analysis, and UV-VIS determined the cloud points. Finally, the drug loading and release over time were monitored by HPLC and UV-VIS spectroscopy showing that drug release profiles obtained corresponded to a sustained drug delivery system.

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New Biocompatible Mesoporous Silica/Polysaccharide Hybrid Materials as Possible Drug Delivery Systems

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12010015 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 15 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Andreea Madalina Pandele ◽

Corina Andronescu ◽

Adi Ghebaur ◽

Sorina Alexandra Garea ◽

Horia Iovu

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Release ◽

Mesoporous Silica ◽

Hybrid Materials ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

The Body ◽

Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽

Release Mechanism

A high number of studies support the use of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) as carriers for drug delivery systems due to its high biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo, its large surface area, controlled pore size and, more than this, its good excretion capacity from the body. In this work we attempt to establish the optimal encapsulation parameters of benzalkonium chloride (BZC) into MSN and further study its drug release. The influence of different parameters towards the drug loading in MSN such as pH, contact time and temperature were considered. The adsorption mechanism of the drug has been determined by using the equilibrium data. The modification process was proved using several methods such as Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Since MSN shows a lower drug release amount due to the agglomeration tendency, in order to increase MSN dispersion and drug release amount from MSN, two common biocompatible and biodegradable polymers were used as polymer matrix in which the MSN-BZC can be dispersed. The drug release profile of the MSN-BZC and of the synthesized hybrid materials were studied both in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Polymer-MSN-BZC hybrid materials exhibit a higher drug release percent than the pure MSN-BZC when a higher dispersion is achieved. The dispersion of MSN into the hybrid materials was pointed out in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The release mechanism was determined using four mathematic models including first-order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer–Peppas and Weibull.

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On-Demand Drug Delivery Systems Using Nanofibers

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11123411 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 3411

Author(s):

Baljinder Singh ◽

Kibeom Kim ◽

Myoung-Hwan Park

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Release ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Target Location ◽

Release Kinetics ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

High Porosity ◽

On Demand

On-demand drug-delivery systems using nanofibers are extensively applicable for customized drug release based on target location and timing to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. A nanofiber formulation is typically created for a certain medication and changing the drug may have a significant impact on the release kinetics from the same delivery system. Nanofibers have several distinguishing features and properties, including the ease with which they may be manufactured, the variety of materials appropriate for processing into fibers, a large surface area, and a complex pore structure. Nanofibers with effective drug-loading capabilities, controllable release, and high stability have gained the interest of researchers owing to their potential applications in on-demand drug delivery systems. Based on their composition and drug-release characteristics, we review the numerous types of nanofibers from the most recent accessible studies. Nanofibers are classified based on their mechanism of drug release, as well as their structure and content. To achieve controlled drug release, a suitable polymer, large surface-to-volume ratio, and high porosity of the nanofiber mesh are necessary. The properties of nanofibers for modified drug release are categorized here as protracted, stimulus-activated, and biphasic. Swellable or degradable polymers are commonly utilized to alter drug release. In addition to the polymer used, the process and ambient conditions can have considerable impacts on the release characteristics of the nanofibers. The formulation of nanofibers is highly complicated and depends on many variables; nevertheless, numerous options are available to accomplish the desired nanofiber drug-release characteristics.

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Study on the Preparation of Chitosan/PVA Sustained - Release Microspheres

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.71 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 217-218 ◽

pp. 71-74

Author(s):

Jian Xiang Yu ◽

Qi Song Shi

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Release ◽

Sustained Release ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Crosslinking Agent ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Effective Drug ◽

Cross Linking ◽

Mass Ratio

Chitosan has prompted the continuous impetus for the development of safe and effective drug delivery systems because of its unique physicochemical and biological characteristics. In this study, PEG-chitosan microspheres loaded with levofloxacin for carrying drugs were prepared by the emulsion cross-linking method. The effect of drug process, the emulsifier, the amount of crosslinking agent, stirring speed, temperature, crosslinking time on the prepare experiment were studied. The effect of the quantity of chitosan and PEG, the mass ratio of chitosan and levofloxacin on the drug loading and release ability were studied in drug release experiments too.

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Formulation, Development and Characterization of Floating Beads of Diltiazem Hydrochloride

International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology ◽

10.25258/ijddt.v6i1.8883 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anamika Saxena Saxena ◽

Santosh Kitawat ◽

Kalpesh Gaur ◽

Virendra Singh

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Release ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Entrapment Efficiency ◽

Repeated Administration ◽

Alginate Beads ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Formulation Development

The main goal of any drug delivery system is to achieve desired concentration of the drug in blood or tissue, which is therapeutically effective and nontoxic for a prolonged period. Various attempts have been made to develop gastroretentive delivery systems such as high density system, swelling, floating system. The recent developments of FDDS including the physiological and formulation variables affecting gastric retention, approaches to design single-unit and multiple-unit floating systems, and their classification and formulation aspects are covered in detail. Gastric emptying is a complex process and makes in vivo performance of the drug delivery systems uncertain. In order to avoid this variability, efforts have been made to increase the retention time of the drug-delivery systems for more than 12 hours. The floating or hydrodynamically controlled drug delivery systems are useful in such application. Background of the research: Diltiazem HCL (DTZ), has short biological half life of 3-4 h, requires rather high frequency of administration. Due to repeated administration there may be chances of patient incompliance and toxicity problems. Objective: The objective of study was to develop sustained release alginate beads of DTZ for reduction in dosing frequency, high bioavailability and better patient compliance. Methodology: Five formulations prepared by using different drug to polymer ratios, were evaluated for relevant parameters and compared. Alginate beads were prepared by ionotropic external gelation technique using CaCl2 as cross linking agent. Prepared beads were evaluated for % yield, entrapment efficiency, swelling index in 0.1N HCL, drug release study and SEM analysis. In order to improve %EE and drug release, LMP and sunflower oil were used as copolymers along with sodium alginate.

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Chitosan-based Polymer Matrix for Pharmaceutical Excipients and Drug Delivery

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867325666180927100817 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (14) ◽

pp. 2502-2513 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Md. Iqbal Hassan Khan ◽

Xingye An ◽

Lei Dai ◽

Hailong Li ◽

Avik Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Cancer Drug ◽

Release Mechanism ◽

Innovative Drug ◽

Pharmaceutical Excipients ◽

Weight Variation

The development of innovative drug delivery systems, versatile to different drug characteristics with better effectiveness and safety, has always been in high demand. Chitosan, an aminopolysaccharide, derived from natural chitin biomass, has received much attention as one of the emerging pharmaceutical excipients and drug delivery entities. Chitosan and its derivatives can be used for direct compression tablets, as disintegrant for controlled release or for improving dissolution. Chitosan has been reported for use in drug delivery system to produce drugs with enhanced muco-adhesiveness, permeation, absorption and bioavailability. Due to filmogenic and ionic properties of chitosan and its derivative(s), drug release mechanism using microsphere technology in hydrogel formulation is particularly relevant to pharmaceutical product development. This review highlights the suitability and future of chitosan in drug delivery with special attention to drug loading and release from chitosan based hydrogels. Extensive studies on the favorable non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, solubility and molecular weight variation have made this polymer an attractive candidate for developing novel drug delivery systems including various advanced therapeutic applications such as gene delivery, DNA based drugs, organ specific drug carrier, cancer drug carrier, etc.

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Formulating SLN and NLC as Innovative Drug Delivery Systems for Non-Invasive Routes of Drug Administration

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867326666190624155938 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (22) ◽

pp. 3623-3656 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bruno Fonseca-Santos ◽

Patrícia Bento Silva ◽

Roberta Balansin Rigon ◽

Mariana Rillo Sato ◽

Marlus Chorilli

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Particle Size ◽

Drug Release ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Average Particle Size ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Average Particle ◽

Minor Importance ◽

Routes Of Administration ◽

Non Invasive

Colloidal carriers diverge depending on their composition, ability to incorporate drugs and applicability, but the common feature is the small average particle size. Among the carriers with the potential nanostructured drug delivery application there are SLN and NLC. These nanostructured systems consist of complex lipids and highly purified mixtures of glycerides having varying particle size. Also, these systems have shown physical stability, protection capacity of unstable drugs, release control ability, excellent tolerability, possibility of vectorization, and no reported production problems related to large-scale. Several production procedures can be applied to achieve high association efficiency between the bioactive and the carrier, depending on the physicochemical properties of both, as well as on the production procedure applied. The whole set of unique advantages such as enhanced drug loading capacity, prevention of drug expulsion, leads to more flexibility for modulation of drug release and makes Lipid-based nanocarriers (LNCs) versatile delivery system for various routes of administration. The route of administration has a significant impact on the therapeutic outcome of a drug. Thus, the non-invasive routes, which were of minor importance as parts of drug delivery in the past, have assumed added importance drugs, proteins, peptides and biopharmaceuticals drug delivery and these include nasal, buccal, vaginal and transdermal routes. The objective of this paper is to present the state of the art concerning the application of the lipid nanocarriers designated for non-invasive routes of administration. In this manner, this review presents an innovative technological platform to develop nanostructured delivery systems with great versatility of application in non-invasive routes of administration and targeting drug release.

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Advances in the use of MOFs for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: An Overview

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200406153949 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (33) ◽

pp. 4174-4184

Author(s):

Marina P. Abuçafy ◽

Bruna L. da Silva ◽

João A. Oshiro-Junior ◽

Eloisa B. Manaia ◽

Bruna G. Chiari-Andréo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Rational Design ◽

Gas Adsorption ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Drug Carriers ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Academic Community ◽

Anticancer Drug Delivery ◽

Diagnostic Agents

Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems and diagnostic agents have gained much attention in recent years, especially for cancer treatment. Nanocarriers improve the therapeutic efficiency and bioavailability of antitumor drugs, besides providing preferential accumulation at the target site. Among different types of nanocarriers for drug delivery assays, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted increasing interest in the academic community. MOFs are an emerging class of coordination polymers constructed of metal nodes or clusters and organic linkers that show the capacity to combine a porous structure with high drug loading through distinct kinds of interactions, overcoming the limitations of traditional drug carriers explored up to date. Despite the rational design and synthesis of MOFs, structural aspects and some applications of these materials like gas adsorption have already been comprehensively described in recent years; it is time to demonstrate their potential applications in biomedicine. In this context, MOFs can be used as drug delivery systems and theranostic platforms due to their ability to release drugs and accommodate imaging agents. This review describes the intrinsic characteristics of nanocarriers used in cancer therapy and highlights the latest advances in MOFs as anticancer drug delivery systems and diagnostic agents.

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Improving the Efficacy of Anticancer Drugs via Encapsulation and Acoustic Release

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1568026618666180608125344 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 857-880 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Salma E. Ahmed ◽

Nahid Awad ◽

Vinod Paul ◽

Hesham G. Moussa ◽

Ghaleb A. Husseini

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Release ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Special Focus ◽

Nano Drug Delivery ◽

Medical Researchers ◽

History Of ◽

Overall Performance ◽

Enhanced Stability

Conventional chemotherapeutics lack the specificity and controllability, thus may poison healthy cells while attempting to kill cancerous ones. Newly developed nano-drug delivery systems have shown promise in delivering anti-tumor agents with enhanced stability, durability and overall performance; especially when used along with targeting and triggering techniques. This work traces back the history of chemotherapy, addressing the main challenges that have encouraged the medical researchers to seek a sanctuary in nanotechnological-based drug delivery systems that are grafted with appropriate targeting techniques and drug release mechanisms. A special focus will be directed to acoustically triggered liposomes encapsulating doxorubicin.

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Nanostructured Ketorolac-Tromethamine/MCF: Synthesis, Characterization and Application in Drug Release System

Current Nanoscience ◽

10.2174/1573413714666180222134742 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 432-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juliana M. Juarez ◽

Jorgelina Cussa ◽

Marcos B. Gomez Costa ◽

Oscar A. Anunziata

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Release ◽

Therapeutic Efficacy ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Controlled Drug Release ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

The Body ◽

Fickian Diffusion ◽

Ketorolac Tromethamine

Background: Controlled drug delivery systems can maintain the concentration of drugs in the exact sites of the body within the optimum range and below the toxicity threshold, improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing toxicity. Mesostructured Cellular Foam (MCF) material is a new promising host for drug delivery systems due to high biocompatibility, in vivo biodegradability and low toxicity. Methods: Ketorolac-Tromethamine/MCF composite was synthesized. The material synthesis and loading of ketorolac-tromethamine into MCF pores were successful as shown by XRD, FTIR, TGA, TEM and textural analyses. Results: We obtained promising results for controlled drug release using the novel MCF material. The application of these materials in KETO release is innovative, achieving an initial high release rate and then maintaining a constant rate at high times. This allows keeping drug concentration within the range of therapeutic efficacy, being highly applicable for the treatment of diseases that need a rapid response. The release of KETO/MCF was compared with other containers of KETO (KETO/SBA-15) and commercial tablets. Conclusion: The best model to fit experimental data was Ritger-Peppas equation. Other models used in this work could not properly explain the controlled drug release of this material. The predominant release of KETO from MCF was non-Fickian diffusion.

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