Two independent evolutionary routes to Na+/H+ cotransport function in membrane pyrophosphatases

2016 ◽  
Vol 473 (19) ◽  
pp. 3099-3111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Nordbo ◽  
Heidi H. Luoto ◽  
Alexander A. Baykov ◽  
Reijo Lahti ◽  
Anssi M. Malinen
Keyword(s):  
Protein Structure ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Changing Environment ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Protein Superfamily ◽  
Limiting Nutrients ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Mechanism Specificity

Membrane-bound pyrophosphatases (mPPases) hydrolyze pyrophosphate (PPi) to transport H+, Na+ or both and help organisms to cope with stress conditions, such as high salinity or limiting nutrients. Recent elucidation of mPPase structure and identification of subfamilies that have fully or partially switched from Na+ to H+ pumping have established mPPases as versatile models for studying the principles governing the mechanism, specificity and evolution of cation transporters. In the present study, we constructed an accurate phylogenetic map of the interface of Na+-transporting PPases (Na+-PPases) and Na+- and H+-transporting PPases (Na+,H+-PPases), which guided our experimental exploration of the variations in PPi hydrolysis and ion transport activities during evolution. Surprisingly, we identified two mPPase lineages that independently acquired physiologically significant Na+ and H+ cotransport function. Na+,H+-PPases of the first lineage transport H+ over an extended [Na+] range, but progressively lose H+ transport efficiency at high [Na+]. In contrast, H+-transport by Na+,H+-PPases of the second lineage is not inhibited by up to 100 mM Na+. With the identification of Na+,H+-PPase subtypes, the mPPases protein superfamily appears as a continuum, ranging from monospecific Na+ transporters to transporters with tunable levels of Na+ and H+ cotransport and further to monospecific H+ transporters. Our results lend credence to the concept that Na+ and H+ are transported by similar mechanisms, allowing the relative efficiencies of Na+ and H+ transport to be modulated by minor changes in protein structure during the course of adaptation to a changing environment.

scholarly journals Introgression of SbERD4 Gene Encodes an Early-Responsive Dehydration-Stress Protein That Confers Tolerance against Different Types of Abiotic Stresses in Transgenic Tobacco

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar Jha ◽  
Avinash Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Stress Protein ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Dehydration Stress ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Salicornia Brachiata ◽  
Osmotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Membrane Bound

Salicornia brachiata is an extreme halophyte that commonly grows on marsh conditions and is also considered a promising resource for drought and salt-responsive genes. To unveil a glimpse of stress endurance by plants, it is of the utmost importance to develop an understanding of stress tolerance mechanisms. ‘Early Responsive to Dehydration’ (ERD) genes are defined as a group of genes involved in stress tolerance and the development of plants. To increase this understanding, parallel to this expedited thought, a novel SbERD4 gene was cloned from S. brachiata, characterized, and functionally validated in the model plant tobacco. The study showed that SbERD4 is a plasma-membrane bound protein, and its overexpression in tobacco plants improved salinity and osmotic stress tolerance. Transgenic plants showed high relative water, chlorophylls, sugars, starch, polyphenols, proline, free amino acids, and low electrolyte leakage and H2O2 content compared to control plants (wild type and vector control) under different abiotic stress conditions. Furthermore, the transcript expression of antioxidant enzyme encoding genes NtCAT, NtSOD, NtGR, and NtAPX showed higher expression in transgenic compared to wild-type and vector controls under varying stress conditions. Overall, the overexpression of a novel early responsive to dehydration stress protein 4-encoding gene (SbERD4) enhanced the tolerance of the plant against multiple abiotic stresses. In conclusion, the overexpression of the SbERD4 gene mitigates plant physiology by enduring stress tolerance and might be considered as a promising key gene for engineering salinity and drought stress tolerance in crops.

scholarly journals Salt tolerance of corn genotypes (Zea mays L.) during germination and later growth

2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Velimir Radic ◽  
Damir Beatovic ◽  
Jelena Mrdja
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Corn Seed ◽  
Seed Germinability ◽  
Production Conditions

Since corn is grown in climatically diverse regions and under different production conditions, assuming that high salinity in the substrate affect corn seed performance, such conditions were simulated in this study in order to examine their effects on seedling geminability and length in several corn genotypes. The study showed that the tested seeds tolerated the stress conditions up to a certain point. The studied genotypes differed in level of resistance to the stress conditions. Salt concentrations were determined, which were capable of affecting negatively seed germinability and seedling growth.

scholarly journals Plant response to jasmonates: current developments and their role in changing environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khwaja Salahuddin Siddiqi ◽  
Azamal Husen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Alkaline Condition ◽  
Changing Environment ◽  
Antioxidant Metabolism ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Metabolite Accumulation ◽  
Ja Signaling ◽  
Defense Molecules

Abstract Jasmonates (JAs) are universally known lipid-derived phytohormones which regulate overall plant growth under both abiotic and biotic stresses. They are helpful in developing root and reproductive system in plants. Also, JA signaling triggers gene expression. They coordinate with other plant hormones under changing environmental conditions. JAs alone or sometimes in combination with other plant hormones ameliorate stress conditions. They also participate in upregulation of antioxidant metabolism, osmolyte synthesis, and metabolite accumulation. Pretreatment and/or exogenous application of JA exhibited multi-stress resilience under changing environment as well as other biotic stress conditions. The present review focuses on our current understanding of how plants respond to JAs’ application under extremely low or high temperature, highly alkaline condition, or even when attacked by herbivorous insects/animals. As a consequence of injury, the plant produces defense molecules to protect itself from damage. Their major role and mechanism of action under heavy metal/metalloid-induced toxicity have also been discussed.

Dynamics of Gene Expression Responses for Ion Transport Proteins and Aquaporins in the Gill of a Euryhaline Pupfish during Freshwater and High-Salinity Acclimation

2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1148-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean C. Lema ◽  
Paul G. Carvalho ◽  
Jennifer N. Egelston ◽  
John T. Kelly ◽  
Stephen D. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Transport Proteins ◽  
Salinity Acclimation

scholarly journals Combined Boron Toxicity and Salinity Stress—An Insight into Its Interaction in Plants

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamika Pandey ◽  
Mohd Kamran Khan ◽  
Erdogan Esref Hakki ◽  
Sait Gezgin ◽  
Mehmet Hamurcu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Boron Toxicity ◽  
Combined Stress ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Mobility Of Ions ◽  
Damaging Effects

The continuously changing environment has intensified the occurrence of abiotic stress conditions. Individually, boron (B) toxicity and salinity stress are well recognized as severe stress conditions for plants. However, their coexistence in arid and semi-arid agricultural regions has shown ambiguous effects on plant growth and development. Few studies have reported that combined boron toxicity and high salinity stress have more damaging effects on plant growth than individual B and salt stress, while other studies have highlighted less damaging effects of the combined stress. Hence, it is interesting to understand the positive interaction of this combined stress so that it can be effectively employed for the improvement of crops that generally show the negative effects of this combined stress. In this review, we discussed the possible processes that occur in plants in response to this combined stress condition. We highly suggest that the combined B and salinity stress condition should be considered as a novel stress condition by researchers; hence, we recommend the name “BorSal” for this combined boron toxicity and high salinity state in the soil. Membrane-bound activities, mobility of ions, water transport, pH changes, transpiration, photosynthesis, antioxidant activities, and different molecular transporters are involved in the effects of BorSal interaction in plants. The discussed mechanisms indicate that the BorSal stress state should be studied in light of the involved physiological and molecular processes that occur after B and salt interaction in plants.

scholarly journals Colorimetric in situ assay of membrane-bound enzyme based on lipid bilayer inhibition of ion transport

Theranostics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 3275-3283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Zhang ◽  
Defeng Li ◽  
Xiquan Yue ◽  
Meiling Zhang ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Transport ◽  
Lipid Bilayer ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
In Situ Assay

scholarly journals The Importance of Non-diffusional Factors in Determining Photosynthesis of Two Contrasting Quinoa Ecotypes (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Subjected to Salinity Conditions

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 927
Author(s):  
José Delatorre-Herrera ◽  
Karina B. Ruiz ◽  
Manuel Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Salt Treatment ◽  
Broad Distribution ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase

The broad distribution of quinoa in saline and non-saline environments is reflected in variations in the photosynthesis-associated mechanisms of different ecotypes. The aim of this study was to characterize the photosynthetic response to high salinity (0.4 M NaCl) of two contrasting Chilean genotypes, Amarilla (salt-tolerant, salares ecotype) and Hueque (salt-sensitive, coastal ecotype). Our results show that saline stress induced a significant decrease in the K+/Na+ ratio in roots and an increase in glycine betaine in leaves, particularly in the sensitive genotype (Hueque). Measurement of the photosynthesis-related parameters showed that maximum CO2 assimilation (Amax) in control plants was comparable between genotypes (ca. 9–10 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1). However, salt treatment produced different responses, with Amax values decreasing by 65.1% in the sensitive ecotype and 37.7% in the tolerant one. Although both genotypes maintained mesophyll conductance when stomatal restrictions were removed, the biochemical components of Amarilla were impaired to a lesser extent under salt stress conditions: for example, the maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO; Vcmax) was not as affected in Amarilla, revealing that this enzyme has a higher affinity for its substrate in this genotype and, thus, a better carboxylation efficiency. The present results show that the higher salinity tolerance of Amarilla was also due to its ability to control non-diffusional components, indicating its superior photosynthetic capacity compared to Hueque, particularly under salt stress conditions.

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