scholarly journals Biosynthesis of a mycobacterial lipopolysaccharide. Incorporation of [14C]acyl groups by whole cells in vivo

1973 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koyu Narumi ◽  
John M. Keller ◽  
Clinton E. Ballou
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Mycobacterium Phlei ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Normal Constituent

1. Mycobacterium phlei (A.T.C.C. 356) cells were incubated with 14C-labelled short-chain fatty acids and the 6-O-methylglucose-containing lipopolysaccharides that became esterified with radioactive acyl groups were isolated. The pattern of labelling of these lipopolysaccharides with the different acyl groups, the effects of different conditions on labelling patterns, and the kinetics of the turnover of 14C-labelled acyl groups were studied. 2. The labelling patterns are summarized as follows. [1-14C]Acetate was incorporated into all of the acyl groups. [1-14C]Propionate led to labelling of propionate and succinate, while [1-14C]isobutyrate was incorporated mostly as such, along with a trace amount in iso-octanoate. 3. Under the conditions of the experiments, [1-14C]acetate was rapidly incorporated into succinyl (3-carboxypropionyl) and octanoyl groups, whereas the acetyl groups themselves were labelled more slowly. Radioactivity in propionyl and succinyl groups, originating from [1-14C]propionate, attained maximum values and then gradually decreased in both. Incorporation of [1-14C]isobutyrate proceeded slowly but reached a plateau and remained constant. While n-butyrate is not a normal constituent of methyl-glucose-containing lipopolysaccharides, it was incorporated as such when n-[1-14C]-butyrate was supplied in the medium. 4. [1-14C]Acetyl groups were readily displaced by unlabelled acetate. On the other hand, the specific radioactivity of the succinyl group continued to increase during a 3h incubation with unlabelled succinate. Propionyl and succinyl groups, labelled by [1-14C]propionate, were displaced slowly by unlabelled propionate or succcinate. The isobutyryl group of the lipopolysaccharides did not turn over, in contrast to the results obtained with the other acyl substituents.

Short-Chain Fatty Acids Prevent Diabetic Nephropathy In Vivo and In Vitro

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 92-OR ◽  
Author(s):  
WEI HUANG ◽  
YONG XU ◽  
YOUHUA XU ◽  
LUPING ZHOU ◽  
CHENLIN GAO
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Effect of short-chain fatty acids on paracellular permeability in Caco-2 intestinal epithelium model

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. G705-G712 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Mariadason ◽  
D. H. Barkla ◽  
P. R. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Paracellular Permeability ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Differentiating Agents ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Control of paracellular permeability in the colonic epithelium is fundamental to its functional competence. This study examines the relationship between physiologically relevant short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and paracellular permeability using the Caco-2 cell line model. Butyrate induced a concentration-dependent, reversible increase in transepithelial resistance (TER) that was maximal after 72 h. Butyrate (2 mM) increased TER by 299 +/- 69% (mean +/- SE; n = 5; P < 0.05; t-test) and reduced mannitol flux to 52 +/- 11% (P < 0.05) of control. The effect of butyrate was dependent on protein synthesis and gene transcription but not dependent on its oxidation or activation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. The other SCFAs, propionate and acetate, also induced a concentration-dependent increase in TER. The effect of butyrate paralleled changes in cellular differentiation, because alkaline phosphatase activity, carcinoembryonic antigen expression, and dome formation were increased. Furthermore, other differentiating agents (dimethyl sulfoxide and retinoic acid) also increased TER. Thus SCFAs reduce paracellular permeability in the Caco-2 cell line, possibly by promotion of a more differentiated phenotype. If such an effect occurs in vivo, it may have ramifications for the biology and pathobiology of colonic mucosa.

Su2123 Incorporation of Colonic Derived Short Chain Fatty Acids in Cholesterol: An In Vivo Stable Isotope Study in Humans

2013 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. S-564
Author(s):  
Eef Boets ◽  
Els Houben ◽  
Karen Windey ◽  
Vicky De Preter ◽  
Sara V. Gomand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Isotope Study ◽  
Stable Isotope Study ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Endogenous lipids of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 220-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip W. Albro ◽  
Jean T. Corbett ◽  
Joanna L. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Lipid Classes ◽  
Sterol Esters ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Endogenous Lipids ◽  
Earthworm Lumbricus

Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) were given [1-14C]-labeled palmitic acid by gavage on days 0 and 3, and sacrificed on day 7. The distribution of label among lipid classes indicated that glycerides, sterol esters, cerebrosides, sulfatides, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and (or) phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin turn over in, or are synthesized by, the earthworm. Free fatty acids still had the highest specific radioactivity of any lipid class at the end of the experiment. Incorporation of label into sterol and hydrocarbon fractions was insignificant and there was no detectable label incorporated into gangliosides. Phosphatidylethanolamine apparently turned over quite slowly compared with other lipid classes, while the cerebroside fraction became highly labeled. Elongation of palmitic acid to stearate and oxidation to CO2 occurred extensively, but there was no evidence for desaturation.Key words: earthworm, Lumbricus, lipids, gangliosides, metabolism.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of hepatic phosphatidylcholine synthesis in the developing guinea pig: contributions of acyl remodelling and of N-methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine

1993 ◽  
Vol 290 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
G C Burdge ◽  
F J Kelly ◽  
A D Postle
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Radioactivity Analysis ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Phosphatidylcholine Synthesis

Hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) from the immature fetal guinea pig at day 55 of gestation comprised mainly unsaturated molecular species containing C18:2(n-6) and C22:6(n-3) at the sn-2 position, reflecting placental permeability to essential fatty acids. At both day 55 and term (day 68), [Me-14C]choline was incorporated in utero over 3 h largely into sn-1-C16:0 PC species, with incorporation into sn-1-C18:0 PC species increasing by 18 h of incubation. Comparison of specific radioactivities after 3 h and 18 h suggests PC acyl remodelling by phospholipase A1. No incorporation into C20:4(n-6)-containing PC species could be detected of either [Me-14C]choline in vivo or CDP-[Me-14C]choline in isolated microsomes. The major phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) species were 16:0/22:6 and 18:0/22:6. Although [14C]ethanolamine was initially incorporated mainly into sn-1-C16:0 species, specific-radioactivity analysis suggested differential turnover rather than acyl remodelling. [1,2-14C]Ethanolamine and [Me-14C]methionine incorporation into PC molecular species indicated that both newly synthesized and total PE pools were available for N-methylation. Since the PC pool synthesized from PE included C20:4- and C22:6-containing species, N-methylation may provide a mechanism for supplying essential long-chain fatty acids to developing tissues that can be regulated independently from bulk PC synthesis.

scholarly journals Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotic for Bone Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolaji Lilian Ilesanmi-Oyelere ◽  
Marlena Cathorina Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Micro Organisms

Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics has been shown to enhance calcium absorption, gut and bone health. Probiotics are also known to ferment prebiotics to produce the fermentative substrates such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), mainly acetate, butyrate and propionate with the help of beneficial micro-organisms in the gut. The expression of these SCFAs has been associated with the inhibition of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we discuss the benefits of SCFAs and ways in which prebiotics and probiotics affect bone health by the reduction of inflammation in the gut and the bone.

Metabolism of C14-labeled substrates by rabbit kidney cortex and medulla

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Lee ◽  
Vernon K. Vance ◽  
George F. Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Rabbit Kidney ◽  
Kidney Cortex ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Kidney Medulla ◽  
Bicarbonate Buffer ◽  
Radioactive Substrate

Slices of rabbit kidney cortex and medulla were incubated for 90 min at 38 C in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing C14 labeled substrate. In addition to substrate disappearance and concentrations of glycogen and fatty acids, measurements were made of the amount of radioactive substrate incorporated into CO2, glycogen, and fatty acids per gram of wet tissue. Glucose, fructose, mannose, glycerol, pyruvate, and palmitate were oxidized to a significantly greater extent by cortex than medulla. The concentration of glycogen in kidney medulla was twice that of cortex and was maintained at initial concentrations only in the presence of glucose, which showed a significantly greater incorporation into medullary glycogen than did the other substrates. Under pure anaerobic conditions simulating those in vivo, the present study suggests that the metabolism of medulla is almost exclusively glucose-dependent anaerobic glycolysis. On the other hand, the cortex is capable of utilizing a variety of substrates for a high rate of aerobic metabolism.

The Effects of Enterotoxins and Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Water and Electrolyte Fluxes in Heal and Colonic Loops in vivo in the Rat

Digestion ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. Ramakrishna ◽  
S.H. Nance ◽  
I.C. Roberts-Thomson ◽  
W.E.W. Roediger
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Cholic acid accumulation and its diminution by short-chain fatty acids in bifidobacteria

Microbiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 149 (8) ◽  
pp. 2031-2037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kurdi ◽  
Hiroshi Tanaka ◽  
Hendrik W. van Veen ◽  
Kozo Asano ◽  
Fusao Tomita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cholic Acid ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Human Bile ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Cholic acid (CA) transport was investigated in nine intestinal Bifidobacterium strains. Upon energization with glucose, all of the bifidobacteria accumulated CA. The driving force behind CA accumulation was found to be the transmembrane proton gradient (ΔpH, alkaline interior). The levels of accumulated CA generally coincided with the theoretical values, which were calculated by the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation using the measured internal pH values of the bifidobacteria, and a pK a value of 6·4 for CA. These results suggest that the mechanism of CA accumulation is based on the diffusion of a hydrophobic weak acid across the bacterial cell membrane, and its dissociation according to the ΔpH value. A mixture of short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate) at the appropriate colonic concentration (117 mM in total) reduced CA accumulation in Bifidobacterium breve JCM 1192T. These short-chain fatty acids, which are weak acids, reduced the ΔpH, thereby decreasing CA accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. The bifidobacteria did not alter or modify the CA molecule. The probiotic potential of CA accumulation in vivo is discussed in relation to human bile acid metabolism.

Measurements of the rate of production of bacteria in the rumen of buffalo calves

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. B. Singh ◽  
D. N. Verma ◽  
A. Varma ◽  
S. K. Ranjhan
Keyword(s):  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Specific Radio

SUMMARYA technique is described for thein vivoestimation of the rate of production of bacteria in the rumen of buffalo calves. The animals were given their daily ration in 12 equal amounts at 2-h intervals. The bacterial cells from the rumen were labelled either with14C or36S byin vitroincubation in the presence of [U-14C]DL-leucine or35S-sodium sulphate. Labelled bacterial cells were injected in a single dose into the rumen. Samples of the ruminal fluid were drawn at various time intervals for 9 h and the specific radio-activity of the bacteria determined. The dilution in the specific radioactivity was used to calculate the turn-over time and rates of production of bacteria in the rumen. The average turnover time was 308 min. The production rate of bacteria averaged 211 mg/min (20·3 g/mole VFA produced).

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