scholarly journals β-Aspartylglycine, a substance unique to caecal contents of germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice

1978 ◽  
Vol 175 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
G W Welling ◽  
G Groen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Colour Reaction ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Germ Free

The caecal supernatants from germ-free, antibiotic-treated and control mice were compared with respect to their content of low-molecular-weight substances (less than 3500 mol. wt.). The supernatants contained about the same amount of free amino acids. After acid hydrolysis, the caecal supernatants of germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice showed a 2.9-fold increase in free amino acids, whereas a similar treatment of the supernatant from control mice resulted in a 2.6-fold increase. By gel filtration on Sephadex G-25, and high-voltage paper electrophoresis at pH 3.5 of the fractions eluted after the void volume, it was found that the caecal supernatants of germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice contained a substance more acidic than aspartic acid. Preparative high-voltage electrophoresis, dansylation, amino acid analysis and a specific colour reaction showed the substance to be beta-aspartylglycine. After a minimal 36 h of treatment with neomycin and bacitracin, a high concentration of beta-aspartylglycine was found, and no enterococci and aerobic Gram-negative rods could be cultured from the caecal contents. The possibility that in one mouse the appearance of beta-aspartylglycine was related to a decrease in Gram-negative rods was ruled out by selective elimination of aerobic Gram-negative rods by using polymyxin B. This suggests that other bacteria concomitantly eliminated with the enterococci and aerobic Gram-negative rods, directly or indirectly, could play a role in the accumulation of beta-aspartylglycine.

scholarly journals Anti-Microbiological, Anti-Hyperglycemic and Anti-Obesity Potency of Natural Antioxidants in Fruit Fractions of Saskatoon Berry

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Lachowicz ◽  
Rafał Wiśniewski ◽  
Ireneusz Ochmian ◽  
Katarzyna Drzymała ◽  
Stanisław Pluta
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Pancreatic Lipase ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Fruit Peel

The aim of the present work was to evaluate for content of phytochemicals (monophosphate nucleotides, free amino acids, polyphenols), and for anti-microbiological, anti-diabetic (ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase), and antioxidant activities in seven selected fruit and fruit fractions of Amelanchier alnifolia. Most of the fruit and fruit fractions analyzed in this study have not been examined in this respect until now. The content of monophosphate nucleotides and free amino acids were tested by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS). The distribution of the examined compounds and biological activity differed significantly depending on the tested fruit and parts of the fruit. Cultivars “Smoky” and “Thiessen” had a high content of essential free amino acids, monophosphate nucleotides, and the highest antioxidant activity. They were also accountable for the high ability to inhibit Enterococcus hirae (anti-bacterial activity), of activity toward α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase. Moreover, the fruit peel was abundant in polyphenolic compounds and showed the highest antioxidative activity, which were strongly correlated with each other. In addition, the peel was characterized by a high concentration of monophosphate nucleotides, free amino acids, and were responsible above all for the strong ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase enzymes contributing to the development of obesity. The seeds were rich in uridine 5’-monophosphate, and total essential and non-essential free amino acids, whose contents correlated with the inhibitory activity toward α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The fruit flesh showed a high content of total free amino acids (hydroxy-L-proline, O-phosphoethanolamine, L-citruline). There was a positive correlation between antioxidant capacity and the content of polyphenolic compounds, nucleotide, and ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase, and between anti-hyperglycemic and free amino acids in fruits and fruit fractions. Therefore, the tested fruit of A. alnifolia and their fractions could be essential ingredients of new functional products and/or probiotic food.

Comparative Analysis of Free Amino Acids in Parapenaeopsis hardwickii, Penaeus vannamei and Macrobrachium nipponensis

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 1528-1533
Author(s):  
Yi Hua Zhang ◽  
Shun Sheng Chen ◽  
Wei Qiang Qiu ◽  
Shou Kun Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Penaeus Vannamei ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Automatic Amino Acid Analyzer ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Amino Acid Analyzer

The contents of free amino acids(FAAs) in Parapenaeopsis hardwickii, Penaeus vannamei and Macrobrachium nipponensis was analyzed by using the automatic amino acid analyzer in this study. The results show that the sequence from the highest to the lowest in total amount of FAAs is Parapenaeopsis hardwickii, Penaeus vannamei and Macrobrachium nipponensis. SPSS(19.0) results indicate that except for Cys, Lys and Thr, FAAs in these three shrimps are significant different (p<0.05), and all of them have a high concentration of Arg, Gly and Pro and a low concentration of Asp and Cys. The content of Gly in shrimp is higher than that of crab and oyster. Both Arg and Gly significantly contribute to the taste of the three shrimps, Glu and Pro play an important role in the flavor of Parapenaeopsis hardwickii and Penaeus vannamei, while not as significant as in the taste of Macrobrachium nipponensis. Composition modes of FAAs which make major contributions to flavor in marine shrimps, Parapenaeopsis hardwickii and Penaeus vannamei, are similar, but different from freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium nipponensis.

scholarly journals A Significant Change in Free Amino Acids of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) through Ethylene Application

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1128
Author(s):  
Yeong Jun Ban ◽  
Yeong Hun Song ◽  
Jeong Yoon Kim ◽  
Joon Yung Cha ◽  
Imdad Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Soybean Leaves ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Map Analysis

In this study, the changes in free amino acids of soybean leaves after ethylene application were characterized based on quantitative and metabolomic analyses. All essential and nonessential amino acids in soybean leaves were enhanced by fivefold (250 to 1284 mg/100 g) and sixfold (544 to 3478 mg/100 g), respectively, via ethylene application. In particular, it was found that asparagine is the main component, comprising approximately 41% of the total amino acids with a twenty-five fold increase (78 to 1971 mg/100 g). Moreover, arginine and branched chain amino acids (Val, Leu, and Ile) increased by about 14 and 2–5 times, respectively. The increase in free amino acid in stem was also similar to the leaves. The metabolites in treated and untreated soybean leaves were systematically identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and partial variance discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) scores and heat map analysis were given to understand the changes of each metabolite. The application of ethylene may provide good nutrient potential for soybean leaves.

Proteolysis in Cheddar cheese: role of coagulant and starter bacteria

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur M. O'Keeffe ◽  
Patrick F. Fox ◽  
Charles Daly
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Paper Electrophoresis ◽  
Small Peptides

SummaryCheddar cheese was produced free of non-starter bacteria, acidified with starter or glucono-δ-lactone and containing active coagulant (chymosin or pepsin) or inactivated coagulant (pepsin). The level and type of proteolysis in the experimental cheeses was monitored by protein solubility at pH 4·6 and in 12 % TCA, polyacrylamide gel and high voltage paper electrophoresis, gel filtration and paper chromatography. The results show that the coagulant was primarily responsible for the formation of large peptides while small peptides and free amino acids were produced principally by the starter, possibly from coagulant-produced peptides.

Methionine flux between a tapeworm (Hymenolepis diminuta) and its environment

Parasitology ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Hopkins ◽  
L. L. Callow
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Short Period

In the course of work designed to measure the extent to which methionine absorbed in one region of a tapeworm became distributed throughout the strobila, it was observed that, whereas, in saline, Hymenolepis diminuta lost previously absorbed methionine slowly, in the intestine of a rat the methionine was lost very rapidly. The fact that two worms containing initially the same amount of free methionine should, after a short period in different environments, contain utterly different quantities of methionine indicated that the quantity of a free amino acid present at any time is not simply dependent on the amount previously absorbed less the amount metabolized.This observation has a bearing on several aspects of tapeworm physiology. Do tapeworms normally absorb amino acids from the intestine during periods of high concentration and release them when the concentration falls? If they do, the presence of tapeworms in the intestine could be beneficial to the host by extending the period over which an amino acid is available to the host, an important point as a mammal is unable to store amino acids for more than a few hours (Gitler, 1964). A knowledge of the environmental conditions which influence the level of free amino acids in a tapeworm, and thereby its ability to synthesize proteins, is obviously also of critical importance to workers attempting to grow worms in vitro.

scholarly journals Free amino acids in different Lotus species

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Przybylska ◽  
B. Chwałek
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Mature Seeds ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pools

Studies on free amino acid pools in various organs of different Lotus species showed mature seeds to be distinguished by a high concentration of canavanine and by the presence of γ-glutamyltyrosine and γ-glutamylphenylalanine. In seeds of <i>L. helleri</i> and <i>L. purshianus</i> homoarginine has been found which is interesting as the occurrence of this amino acid seemed to be restricted to the genus <i>Lathyrus</i>.

Free amino acids of sex organs of the mouse: regulation by androgen

1975 ◽  
Vol 228 (4) ◽  
pp. 1231-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
CD Kochakian
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Cysteic Acid ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Vesicle Fluid

Male mice were castrated at 2 mo and a pellet of testosterone propionate was implanted subcutaneously 2 wk later. Mice were killed after 11 days and tissue extracts were analyzed. All the common 20 amino acids were present in widely varying concentrations. Castration uniformly increased the concentration of all free amino acids of the seminal vesicle, excepy proline, cystine/2, and tryptophan; androgen restored values to normal. These changes were not entirely due to changes in quantity of seminal vesicle fluid. Concentrations of amino acids of the prostate were not significantly changed by castration or testosteronepropionate. Fifteen other ninhydrin-postive compounds were detected. Hypotaruine, taurine alpha-aminobutyric acid, and cysteic acid in seminal vesicles were greatly decreased and several other compounds were slightly decreased by castration and restored tp normal by testosterone propionate. In the prostate, hypotaurine, alpha-aminobutyric acid, cysteic/cysteinessulfinic acids, glycerophosphoethaniomine, cystathionine, and phosphoethanolamine were decreased and alpha-amino-n-butyric acid was increased by castration and restored to normal by testosterone propionate. Concentrations of taurine and 5 other compounds were not affected. Epidiymis and testis also contained appreciable pools of amino acids and the other compounds. Amino acids concentrations were lower in cauda than in caput epididymis; in the testis values were intermidate, with much higher concentrations of glutamic and aspartic acids. Taurine concentrations were twice as great in cauda as in caput epidiymis; concentrations of hypotaurine and the other sulfur-containing compounds were similar in both parts of the epidiymis. The most striking result in the testis was the high concentration of reduced glutathione.

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