scholarly journals Formation of two species of nascent proteochondroitin in separate loci of a microsomal preparation from chick-embryo epiphyseal cartilage

1991 ◽  
Vol 277 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Sugumaran ◽  
J E Silbert
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Microsomal Preparation ◽  
Intact Membrane ◽  
Ionic Detergent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Microsomal Membranes ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Relationship Of

The potential relationship of an intact membrane organization to the synthesis of chondroitin was examined before and after modification of a chick-embryo cartilage microsomal system with the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100. Incubations with labelled UDP-GlcA and UDP-GalNAc indicated that Triton X-100 had little effect on the amount of chondroitin synthesized to form one species of large proteochondroitin (Type I). However, Triton X-100 had a marked stimulatory effect on the formation of another smaller species of proteochondroitin (Type II). Presence of this detergent during chondroitin polymerization also resulted in chains that were slightly smaller. Neither of the two proteochondroitin species were collagenase-sensitive, nor did they contain dermatan-like regions. Thus in these respects they were unlike the small proteochondroitins (PG-Lb or PG-Lt) that have been found in chick-embryo cartilage. They also differed greatly in size from these small proteoglycans as well as from the large aggregatable proteochondroitin (PG-H) from the same source. Synthesis of the larger (Type I) proteochondroitin species was not affected by prior treatment of the microsomes with chondroitin ABC lyase at concentrations sufficient for elimination of synthesis of most of the smaller (Type II) proteochondroitin species. Use of chondroitin ABC lyase subsequent to synthesis of the chondroitin also resulted in preferential degradation of the smaller species. Thus there were differences in formation and limitation in access of the chondroitin ABC lyase to the two species, consistent with other differences described previously. These results indicate that there are separate loci within the microsomal membranes for synthesis of the two species.

scholarly journals Effects of detergent on the sulphation of chondroitin by cell-free preparations from chick-embryo epiphyseal cartilage

1992 ◽  
Vol 285 (2) ◽  
pp. 577-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Sugumaran ◽  
J E Silbert
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Supernatant Fraction ◽  
Random Pattern ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Enzyme Substrate ◽  
Ionic Detergent ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Triton X

The effects of the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 on 6-sulphation of two species of endogenous nascent proteochondroitin by a chick-embryo cartilage microsomal system was examined. Sulphation of the larger (Type I) species with adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulphate was slightly diminished when Triton X-100 was present, whereas sulphation of the smaller (Type II) species was slightly enhanced. An ordered rather than random pattern of sulphation was obtained for the smaller proteoglycan, but with a considerably lower degree of sulphation than that of the larger proteochondroitin. These differences were consistent with other differences between these two species as described previously. Sulphation of exogenous [14C]chondroitin and exogenous proteo[3H]chondroitin by the microsomal system with Triton X-100 present produced ordered rather than random sulphation patterns. When a 100,000 g supernatant fraction was utilized for sulphation of [14C]chondroitin or proteo[3H]chondroitin, Triton X-100 was not needed, and ordered sulphation was still obtained. When hexasaccharide was used, sulphation of multiple N-acetylgalactosamine residues of the individual hexasaccharides resulted. This was relatively independent of Triton X-100 or the concentration of the hexasaccharide acceptors. With soluble enzyme, sulphation of multiple N-acetylgalactosamine residues on the individual hexasaccharide molecules was even greater, so that tri-sulphated products were found. This suggests that ordered rather than random sulphation of chondroitin with these enzyme preparations is due to enzyme-substrate interaction rather than to membrane organization.

scholarly journals Two Types of Interannual Variability of South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset Related to the SST Anomalies before and after 1993/94

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (19) ◽  
pp. 6957-6971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boqi Liu ◽  
Congwen Zhu ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Kang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
South China ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Upper Level

Abstract An advance in the timing of the onset of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon (SCSSM) during the period 1980–2014 can be detected after 1993/94. In the present study, the interannual variability of the SCSSM onset is classified into two types for the periods before and after 1993/94, based on their different characteristics of vertical coupling between the upper- and lower-tropospheric circulation and the differences in their related sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs). On the interannual time scale, type-I SCSSM onset is characterized by anomalous low-level circulation over the northern SCS during 1980–93, whereas type-II SCSSM onset is associated with anomalies of upper-level circulation in the tropics during 1994–2014. The upper-tropospheric thermodynamic field and circulation structures over the SCS are distinct between the two types of SCSSM onset, and this investigation shows the importance of the role played by the spring SSTAs in the southern Indian Ocean (SIO) and that of ENSO events in type-I and type-II SCSSM onset, respectively. In the early episode, the warming SIO SSTAs can induce an anomalous low-level anticyclone over the northern SCS that affects local monsoonal convection and rainfall over land to its north, demonstrating a high sensitivity of subtropical systems in type-I SCSSM onset. However, in type-II SCSSM onset during the later episode, the winter warm ENSO events and subsequent warming in the tropical Indian Ocean can influence the SCSSM onset by modulating the spring tropical temperature and upper-level pumping effect over the SCS.

Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: ECG patterns and diagnosis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Serge Barold
Keyword(s):  
P Wave ◽  
Conduction Time ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Av Block ◽  
Ventricular Extrasystoles ◽  
Av Conduction ◽  
Pr Interval ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Second Degree

The diagnosis of first-degree and third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block is straightforward but that of second-degree AV block is more involved. Type I block and type II second-degree AV block are electrocardiographic patterns that refer to the behaviour of the PR intervals (in sinus rhythm) in sequences (with at least two consecutive conducted PR intervals) where a single P wave fails to conduct to the ventricles. Type I second-degree AV block describes visible, differing, and generally decremental AV conduction. Type II second-degree AV block describes what appears to be an all-or-none conduction without visible changes in the AV conduction time before and after the blocked impulse. The diagnosis of type II block requires a stable sinus rate, an important criterion because a vagal surge (generally benign) can cause simultaneous sinus slowing and AV nodal block, which can resemble type II block. The diagnosis of type II block cannot be established if the first post-block P wave is followed by a shortened PR interval or by an undiscernible P wave. A narrow QRS type I block is almost always AV nodal, whereas a type I block with bundle branch block barring acute myocardial infarction is infranodal in 60–70% of cases. All correctly defined type II blocks are infranodal. A 2:1 AV block cannot be classified in terms of type I or type II block, but it can be AV nodal or infranodal. Concealed His bundle or ventricular extrasystoles may mimic both type I or type II block (pseudo-AV block), or both

Energy metabolism in single human muscle fibers during contraction without and with epinephrine infusion

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (5) ◽  
pp. E713-E718 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Greenhaff ◽  
J. M. Ren ◽  
K. Soderlund ◽  
E. Hultman
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Epinephrine Infusion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Type I Fibers ◽  
Type Ii Fibers ◽  
Femoris Muscle

The concentrations of glycogen, ATP, and phosphocreatine were analyzed in types I and II muscle fibers separated from biopsy samples of the quadriceps femoris muscle in five healthy volunteers. Muscle samples were obtained before and after 64 s of intermittent electrical stimulation. The experiment was carried out without and with epinephrine (Epi) infusion. Before stimulation the glycogen concentration was 11% higher in type II than in type I fibers (P less than 0.05). During electrical stimulation, rapid glycogenolysis occurred in type II fibers with hardly any detectable glycogenolysis in type I fibers. The calculated rates of glycogenolysis were 0.18 +/- 0.14 and 3.54 +/- 0.53 mmol glucose.kg dry muscle-1.s-1 in types I and II fibers, respectively. Epi infusion increased the rate of glycogenolysis during electrical stimulation in type I fibers (10-fold) but did not enhance the rate in type II fibers (P greater than 0.05). It is considered that, during short-term maximal muscle contraction, rapid muscle glycogenolysis occurs predominantly in type II fibers even though types I and II fibers are recruited and that, when Epi stimulation of glycogenolysis occurs, this is predominantly limited to type I fibers.

scholarly journals Evaluation of hepatic CYP2D1 activity and hepatic clearance in type I and type II diabetic rat models, before and after treatment with insulin and metformin

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navid Neyshaburinezhad ◽  
Maryam Seidabadi ◽  
Mohammadreza Rouini ◽  
Hoda Lavasani ◽  
Alireza Foroumadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Clearance ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Rat Models ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals SPECIFIC ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS PRODUCTS

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Finland ◽  
W. D. Sutliff
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Specific Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Specific Polysaccharide ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Intracutaneous Injection

The blood of 63 human subjects selected because of the absence of recent infections, was studied for its content of specific antibodies against virulent strains of Types I, II, and III pneumococci before and after intracutaneous injections of minute amounts of pneumococcus products. The simultaneous injection of the specific polysaccharides of all three types of pneumococci and of proteins and autolysates derived from Types I and II pneumococci was followed by the appearance or increase of pneumococcidal power in the whole defibrinated blood and, in most instances, by the appearance of mouse-protective antibodies and agglutinins for one or more types. A single intracutaneous injection of 0.01 mg. of the protein-free type-specific polysaccharide of either Type I, Type II, or Type III pneumococci or 4 similar daily injections was followed, in most of 29 subjects, by the appearance of antibodies against the homologous, but not against the heterologous type pneumococci. Some subjects showed a simultaneous lowering of a preexisting pneumococcidal power for heterologous or homologous types. A single intracutaneous injection of O.1 mg. of pneumococcus protein in 13 individuals was not followed by the appearance of specific antibodies to any appreciable degree. Single intracutaneous injections of small amounts of autolysates derived from virulent strains of Type I, II, or III pneumococci were followed in 11 subjects by a more or less general rise in the pneumococcidal power with the appearance of homologous type agglutinins and protective antibodies in about one-third of the subjects.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION

1935 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Rake
Keyword(s):  
Carrier State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Serological Reaction ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Atypical Strains

The investigation of this isolated epidemic of meningococcus meningitis at a C.C.C. camp gave an opportunity to examine the carrier state in contacts carrying what were presumably virulent epidemic strains of organisms. With the aid of Miller's technique for the enhancement of the demonstrable virulence of meningococci for mice, it proved possible to test the virulence of the carrier strains from Camp Rusk. These results were consistent despite the interval of from 3 to 4 weeks which intervened between the isolation of the strains and the virulence titrations. Type I strains were found to have a high virulence, while the virulence of Type II strains was moderately high but definitely less than that of the Type I, and atypical strains and strains of N. catarrhalis isolated from carriers showed a very low virulence. The question of the precise nature of the carrier state was investigated. No evidence has been obtained yet as to the existence of a relationship between pharyngitis, coryza or upper respiratory disease and the presence and degree of the carrier state. This is unlike the situation with regard to pneumococcus carriers. On the other hand, it has proved possible to demonstrate reactions within the body to the meningococci in the nasopharynx, consisting of the formation of agglutinins and protective antibodies in the blood serum. 32.3 per cent of Type I and 60 per cent of Type II carrier sera showed moderate or good agglutinins for homologous organisms and 80 per cent of Type I and 40 per cent of Type II sera showed moderate or good protective antibodies against virulent homologous strains. No idea could be obtained as to the relationship of the presence or absence and the degree of serological reaction and the duration of the carrier state.

Serum. Levels of Dihydroneopterin and Soluble Cytokine Receptors in Major Depression

Pteridines ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-26
Author(s):  
Kazunori Kusunoki ◽  
Norio Ozaki ◽  
Makoto Sawada ◽  
Tetsuya Sato ◽  
Shigeki Hirano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Interleukin 6 Receptor ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Necrosis Factor

The serum levels of dihydroneopterin (NH2), soluble interleukin -6 receptor (sIL-6R), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNF-R) type I and type II were measured in 18 patients with major depression before and after drug treatment and in age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The NH2 and sTNF-R type II levels were significantly higher both in untreated and treated patients when compared to the controls. The sTNF-R type I levels were significantly lower in untreated depressed patients than the controls and significantly increased after drug treatment when compared to those prior to treatment.

scholarly journals High-yield Production of Recombinant Platelet Factor 4 Protein by Harnessing and Honing the Gram-negative Bacterial Secretory Apparatus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Ataei ◽  
Mohammad Naser Taheri ◽  
Fatemeh Taheri ◽  
Farahnaz Zare ◽  
Niloofar Amirian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Protein Secretion ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Extracellular Milieu ◽  
Secretory System ◽  
Triton X

AbstractBackgroundPlatelet factor 4 is a cytokine released into the bloodstream by activated platelets and plays a pivotal role in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia etiology and diagnosis. Therefore, a sustainable source of recombinant PF4 with structural and functional similarity to its native form is urgently needed to be used in diagnostic procedures.To this end, a three-in-one primary construct was designed and custom synthesized based on the pET26b backbone from which three secondary constructs could be derived each capable of employing either type I, type II secretory or cytoplasmic pathways. Protein expression and secretion were performed in Escherichia coli BL-21 (DE3) and were confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. To further enhance protein secretion, the effect of several controllable factors including IPTG, Triton X-100, Sucrose, and Glycine were individually investigated at first. In the next step, according to fractional factorial approach, the synergistic effect of IPTG, Triton X-100, and Glycine on secretion was further investigated. To ascertain the structure and function of the secreted recombinant proteins, Dynamic light scattering was utilized and confirmed rPF4 tetramerization and heparin-mediated ultra-large complex formation. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy was exploited to determine the rPF4 secondary structure.ResultsType II secretory pathway was proven to be superior over type I in case of rPF4 secretion into the extracellular milieu. Protein secretion mediated by Type II was enhanced to approximately more than 700 μg/ml. Large quantities of native rPF4 up to 20 mg was purified upon a minor scale up to 40 ml of culture medium. Dynamic light scattering unveiled native rPF4 quaternary structure revealing the formation of tetramers having an average size of 10 nm and formation of larger complexes of approximately 100-1200 nm in size following heparin supplementation, implying proper protein folding, tetramerization, and antigenicity. Analysis of the Zeta potential on approximately 600 μg/ml of rPF4 revealed a 98 mV positive charge which further confirms protein folding. Moreover, rPF4 secondary structure was determined to be 43.5% Random coil, 32.5% β-sheet, 18.6 % α-helix and 4.9 % Turn, which is in perfect agreement with the native structure.Conclusionour results indicate that the gram-negative type II bacterial secretory system holds a great promise to be employed as a reliable protein production strategy with favorable industrial application. However, further efforts are required to realize the full potential of secretory pathways regarding their application to proteins with distinct characteristics.Abstract FigureGraphical Abstract.rPF4 secretion mediated by type 2 secretory system. The pelB signal sequence directs protein export into the extracellular milieu through the SecYEG translocon complex in a process assisted by SecB chaperone. A) Indicates protein secretion before supplementation with additives and B) indicates secretion in the presence of additives.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document