scholarly journals LRRK2 in peripheral and central nervous system innate immunity: its link to Parkinson's disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heyne Lee ◽  
William S. James ◽  
Sally A. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Lrrk2 Gene

Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are found in familial and idiopathic cases of Parkinson's disease (PD), but are also associated with immune-related disorders, notably Crohn's disease and leprosy. Although the physiological function of LRRK2 protein remains largely elusive, increasing evidence suggests that it plays a role in innate immunity, a process that also has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. Innate immunity involves macrophages and microglia, in which endogenous LRRK2 expression is precisely regulated and expression is strongly up-regulated upon cell activation. This brief report discusses the current understanding of the involvement of LRRK2 in innate immunity particularly in relation to PD, critically examining its role in myeloid cells, particularly macrophages and microglia.

Inflammatory Mechanisms in Parkinson’s Disease: From Pathogenesis to Targeted Therapies

2021 ◽  
pp. 107385842199226
Author(s):  
Stellina Y. H. Lee ◽  
Nathanael J. Yates ◽  
Susannah J. Tye
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Neurodegenerative Process ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Target

Inflammation is a critical factor contributing to the progressive neurodegenerative process observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are activated early in PD pathogenesis and can both trigger and propagate early disease processes via innate and adaptive immune mechanisms such as upregulated immune cells and antibody-mediated inflammation. Downstream cytokines and gene regulators such as microRNA (miRNA) coordinate later disease course and mediate disease progression. Biomarkers signifying the inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes at play within the central nervous system are of increasing interest to clinical teams. To be effective, such biomarkers must achieve the highest sensitivity and specificity for predicting PD risk, confirming diagnosis, or monitoring disease severity. The aim of this review was to summarize the current preclinical and clinical evidence that suggests that inflammatory processes contribute to the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative processes in PD. In this article, we further summarize the data about main inflammatory biomarkers described in PD to date and their potential for regulation as a novel target for disease-modifying pharmacological strategies.

Long-Term Survival of Human Central Nervous System Progenitor Cells Transplanted into a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

1997 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive N. Svendsen ◽  
Maeve A. Caldwell ◽  
Jinkun Shen ◽  
Melanie G. ter Borg ◽  
Anne E. Rosser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival

scholarly journals Fiber-Modified Adenovirus for Central Nervous System Parkinson’s Disease Gene Therapy

Viruses ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 3293-3310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis Lewis ◽  
Joel Glasgow ◽  
Ashley Harms ◽  
David Standaert ◽  
David Curiel
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Disease Gene

Bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease and cocontraction activity in dystonia are unlikely to be due to adaptive changes in the CNS

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-69
Author(s):  
A. Berardelli ◽  
R. Agostino ◽  
A. Currà ◽  
M. Manfredi
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Spatial Accuracy ◽  
Adaptive Changes ◽  
Postural Reactions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractLatash & Anson's explanation of bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease and cocontraction in dystonic patients is intriguing. However, the proposed adaptive changes in the central nervous system do not fit well with both clinical and experimental evidence of motor impairment in these patients. In particular, we question the explanation of: (1) the role of postural reactions and spatial accuracy in bradykinesia, (2) certain abnormalities during the execution of sequential and simultaneous movements, (3) the sudden changes in mobility (ON and OFF) of Parkinsonian patients, and (4) the meaning of reflex circuitry changes in dystonia.

scholarly journals Lysosomal Ceramide Metabolism Disorders: Implications in Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Paciotti ◽  
Elisabetta Albi ◽  
Lucilla Parnetti ◽  
Tommaso Beccari
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gaucher Disease ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Sandhoff Disease ◽  
Krabbe Disease ◽  
Bioactive Lipids ◽  
Niemann Pick

Ceramides are a family of bioactive lipids belonging to the class of sphingolipids. Sphingolipidoses are a group of inherited genetic diseases characterized by the unmetabolized sphingolipids and the consequent reduction of ceramide pool in lysosomes. Sphingolipidoses include several disorders as Sandhoff disease, Fabry disease, Gaucher disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbe disease, Niemann Pick disease, Farber disease, and GM2 gangliosidosis. In sphingolipidosis, lysosomal lipid storage occurs in both the central nervous system and visceral tissues, and central nervous system pathology is a common hallmark for all of them. Parkinson’s disease, the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, is characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein that seem associated to some lysosomal disorders, in particular Gaucher disease. This review provides evidence into the role of ceramide metabolism in the pathophysiology of lysosomes, highlighting the more recent findings on its involvement in Parkinson’s disease.

scholarly journals The behavior of migraine in patients with Parkinson's disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Celmir De Oliveira Vilaça ◽  
Marco Antonio Araujo Leite ◽  
Jano Alves De Souza ◽  
Marco Orsini ◽  
João Santos Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dopaminergic Systems ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Dopaminergic Pathways ◽  
Over 40 Years

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic systems in the central nervous system. In migraine it is supposed to occur hyperactivation of central dopaminergic pathways. We verified the hypothesis of improved migraine in patients who manifest PD. We evaluated 109 patients with PD over 40 years (57 men and 52 women) about the presence throughout the life of migraine, as well as the possibility of improvement in migraine after the onset of motor symptoms of PD. This group was compared to a control group of 152 people (41 men and 152 women) without PD regarding the presence of migraine and its improvement. Twenty-one patients manifested migraine in the group with PD (16 women and 5 men) in which 13 reported improvement in migraine after the onset of symptoms of PD. Among the controls, 37 interviewed had migraine history (32 women and 5 men) among which 20 showed improvement. There was no significant difference when comparing the two groups (χ21:0,05=0.337; P<0.382). We were unable to relate the improvement of migraine with the emergence of PD motor signs, despite the degeneration of dopaminergic pathways of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Central nervous system uptake of intranasal glutathione in Parkinson’s disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie K Mischley ◽  
Kevin E Conley ◽  
Eric G Shankland ◽  
Terrance J Kavanagh ◽  
Michael E Rosenfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System

Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer to the Central Nervous System for Parkinson's Disease

1997 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Horellou ◽  
Olivier Sabaté ◽  
Marie-Hélène Buc-Caron ◽  
Jacques Mallet
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
The Central Nervous System
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