Some Effects of Metabolic Acidosis on Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Rat

1970 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. O. Alleyne ◽  
H. S. Fraser ◽  
H. S. Besterman
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
And Control ◽  
Peak Blood ◽  
Peak Blood Glucose

1. Metabolic acidosis was induced by feeding ammonium chloride to rats which were maintained on a carbohydrate diet for 48 h. 2. Fasting blood glucose was the same in acidotic and control animals, but there was an increase in liver glycogen in the former. Muscle glycogen was unchanged. 3. In vitro glycogenolysis was the same in liver slices from normal rats when incubated at a range of pH from 6·90 to 7·40. 4. The peak blood glucose in response to intraperitoneal injections of glucagon was the same in control and acidotic rats. The rate of disappearance of glucose was slower in acidotic rats both after the glucagon induced hyperglycaemia and after intravenously injected glucose. 5. Liver phosphorylase, total glycogen synthetase and the I form of this enzyme were unchanged in acidosis. 6. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that in the acidotic rat there is a block in glycolysis—possibly at the phosphofructokinase step.

scholarly journals Swertiamarin Contributes to Glucose Homeostasis via Inhibition of Carbohydrate Metabolizing Enzymes

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javed Ahamad ◽  
Naila Hassan ◽  
Saima Amin ◽  
Showkat R. Mir
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Peak Blood ◽  
Peak Blood Glucose

<strong>Objective:</strong> Swertiamarin is a common secoiridoid found among the members of Gentianaceae. The present study aimed to establish the effectiveness of swertiamarin in achieving glucose homeostasis via inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes by in-vitro and in-vivo studies. <strong>Materials and methods:</strong> Swertiamarin was obtained from dried whole plant samples of <em>Enicostemma littorale</em> Blume chromatographic fractionation over the silica gel column. Its effect on carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes viz., α-amylase and α-glucosidase were evaluated at 0.15 to 10 mg/mL in-vitro. The results were supplemented by anti-hyperglycemic studies in carbohydrate challenged mice pretreated with swertiamarin at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight orally. <strong>Results:</strong> Swertiamarin was effective in inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC<em>50</em> values of 1.29±0.25 mg/mL and 0.84±0.11 mg/mL, respectively. The studies in starch and sucrose challenged mice showed that swertiamarin effectively restricted the increase in the peak blood glucose level (BGL). The increase in peak BGL was 49 mg/dL and 57 mg/dL only in the treatment groups compared to 70 mg/dL and 80 mg/dL in untreated groups after 30 min in starch and sucrose-fed mice, respectively. Acarbose (10 mg/kg b.w.) also produced significant (p&lt;0.01) blood glucose lowering response in both the models. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Swertiamarin was effective in the achieving stricter glycemic control in carbohydrate challenged mice through the inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes.

Free Radical Scavenging Properties and Anti-Fatigue Activities of Angelica sinensis Polysaccharides

2015 ◽  
Vol 1092-1093 ◽  
pp. 1538-1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Angelica Sinensis ◽  
Radical Scavenging Properties

In this study, radical scavenging properties and anti-fatigue activities ofAngelica sinensispolysaccharides (ASP) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Forced swimming test of mice were carried out after 30 days of ASP administration (60, 120, 240 mg/kg·d), and the blood glucose, blood lactate, hemoglobin, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen were determined. The in vitro study showed that ASP had antioxidant activities, which exhibited scavenging effects on 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl and superoxide anions radicals. The in vitro study showed that ASP had anti-fatigue activities, which could extend the exhaustive swimming time, increase levels of blood glucose, hemoglobin, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen activities, and decrease blood lactate levels of mice.

scholarly journals Anti-hyperglycemic Effect of Torbangun (Coleus amboinicus Lour) Leaves Extract Through Liver and Muscle Glycogen Deposits in Streptozotocin-induced Hyperglycmic Sprague-Dawley Rats Model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meilla Dwi Andrestian ◽  
Rizal Damanik ◽  
Faisal Anwar ◽  
Nancy Dewi Yuliana
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

The association of liver and muscle glycogen deposits with serum insulin levels, β-cells pancreas, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic rats receiving Torbangun leaves extract (TE) investigated. The intervention performed on 25 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats divided into four groups. Seven rats separated as a normal group (N), and other rats injected with streptozotocin (STZ). Confirmation of hyperglycemic was characterized by fasting blood glucose >126 mg/dl. Treatment group which is NG (hyperglycemic rats); N (normal rats); H-IM (62.5 mg/kg BW metformin); and H-IT (620 mg/kg BW TE) for 14 days. This study revealed that TE significantly decreased FBG levels, increased insulin production, and the amount of liver glycogen deposits (a=0.01). However, the intervention did not significantly increase the amount of muscle glycogen deposits. TE administration improves β-cells, increases the liver and muscle glycogen deposits. TE was shown to have antihyperglycemic activity by improving the β-cell, increasing blood serum insulin levels, decreasing blood glucose levels, and increasing the liver glycogen deposits.

Sequoyitol ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in diabetic rats induced with a high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 405-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian-Wei Li ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Wei Hao ◽  
Jie-Ren Yang
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
High Fat

Sequoyitol decreases blood glucose, improves glucose intolerance, and enhances insulin signaling in ob/ob mice. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sequoyitol on diabetic nephropathy in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the mechanism of action. Diabetic rats, induced with a high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin, and were administered sequoyitol (12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 mg·(kg body mass)−1·d−1) for 6 weeks. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (SCr) were measured. The expression levels of p22phox, p47phox, NF-κB, and TGF-β1 were measured using immunohistochemisty, real-time PCR, and (or) Western blot. The total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), as well as the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also determined. The results showed that sequoyitol significantly decreased FBG, BUN, and SCr levels, and increased the insulin levels in diabetic rats. The level of T-AOC was significantly increased, while ROS and MDA levels and the expression of p22phox, p47phox, NF-κB, and TGF-β1 were decreased with sequoyitol treatment both in vivo and in vitro. These results suggested that sequoyitol ameliorates the progression of diabetic nephropathy in rats, as induced by a high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin, through its glucose-lowering effects, antioxidant activity, and regulation of TGF-β1 expression.

The Influence of Temperature on the Content of Liver Glycogen and Muscle Glycogen in Sparrow

2012 ◽  
Vol 599 ◽  
pp. 48-51
Author(s):  
Xing Jun Xu ◽  
Shu Li Shao ◽  
Wei Wei Zhang ◽  
Wei Yu Wang ◽  
Xu Yan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Acclimation Group ◽  
And Control ◽  
Two Temperature

The sparrows for experimental materials were divided into 5 °C acclimation group, 30 °C acclimation group and control group. The content of liver glycogen and muscle glycogen were measured with sulfuric acid-anthrone colorimetric method after two weeks of acclimation. The results show that: When the temperature is 5 °C, the glycogen content was very significantly lower than the glycogen content of control group (p0.05); The change in glycogen content was extremely significant between the two temperature (p<0.01).

scholarly journals Ketone-body metabolism in tumour-bearing rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Rofe ◽  
R Bais ◽  
R A Conyers
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Tumour Bearing ◽  
And Control

During starvation for 72 h, tumour-bearing rats showed accelerated ketonaemia and marked ketonuria. Total blood [ketone bodies] were 8.53 mM and 3.34 mM in tumour-bearing and control (non-tumour-bearing) rats respectively (P less than 0.001). The [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio was 1.3 in the tumour-bearing rats, compared with 3.2 in the controls at 72 h (P less than 0.001). Blood [glucose] and hepatic [glycogen] were lower at the start of starvation in tumour-bearing rats, whereas plasma [non-esterified fatty acids] were not increased above those in the control rats during starvation. After functional hepatectomy, blood [acetoacetate], but not [3-hydroxybutyrate], decreased rapidly in tumour-bearing rats, whereas both ketone bodies decreased, and at a slower rate, in the control rats. Blood [glucose] decreased more rapidly in the hepatectomized control rats. Hepatocytes prepared from 72 h-starved tumour-bearing and control rats showed similar rates of ketogenesis from palmitate, and the distribution of [1-14C] palmitate between oxidation (ketone bodies and CO2) and esterification was also unaffected by tumour-bearing, as was the rate of gluconeogenesis from lactate. The carcinoma itself showed rapid rates of glycolysis and a poor ability to metabolize ketone bodies in vitro. The results are consistent with the peripheral, normal, tissues in tumour-bearing rats having increased ketone-body and decreased glucose metabolic turnover rates.

scholarly journals Effect of reduced dietary zinc intake on carbohydrate and Zn metabolism in the genetically diabetic mouse (C57BL/KsJ db+/db+)

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Southon ◽  
Z. Kechrid ◽  
A. J. A. Wright ◽  
Susan J. Fairweather-Tait
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Diabetic Mouse ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

1. Male, 4–5-week-old, genetically diabetic mice (C57BL/KsJ db/db) and non-diabetic heterozygote litter-mates (C57BL/KsJ db/+)were fed on a diet containing 1 mg zinc/kg (low-Zn groups) or 54 mg Zn/kg (control groups) for 27 d. Food intakes and body-weight gain were recorded regularly. On day 28, after an overnight fast, animals were killed and blood glucose and insulin concentrations, liver glycogen, and femur and pancreatic Zn concentrations were determined.2. The consumption of the low-Zn diet had only a minimal effect on the Zn status of the mice as indicated by growth rate, food intake and femur and pancreatic Zn concentrations. In fact, diabetic mice fed on the low-Zn diet had a higher total food intake than those fed on the control diet. The low-Zn diabetic mice had higher fasting blood glucose and liver glycogen levels than their control counterparts. Fasting blood insulin concentration was unaffected by dietary regimen.3. A second experiment was performed in which the rate of loss of 65Zn, injected subcutaneously, was measured by whole-body counting in the two mouse genotypes over a 28 d period, from 4 to 5 weeks of age. The influence of feeding low-Zn or control diets was also examined. At the end of the study femur and pancreatic Zn and non-fasting blood glucose levels were determined.4. All mice fed on the low-Zn diet showed a marked reduction in whole-body 65Zn loss compared with those animals fed on the control diet. In the low-Zn groups, the loss of 65Zn from the diabetic mice was significantly greater than that from heterozygote mice. This difference was not observed in the control groups. Blood glucose levels were elevated in the low-Zn groups. Possible reasons for these observations are discussed.5. The present study demonstrates an adverse effect of reduced dietary Zn intake on glucose utilization in the genetically diabetic mouse, which occurred before any significant tissue Zn depletion became apparent.

scholarly journals The Role of Hormones in the Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism in the Clawed Toad Xenopus Laevis (Daudin)

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Daphna Atar-Zwillenberg ◽  
Michael Atar ◽  
Gianni Morson ◽  
Udo Spornitz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Glycogen Metabolism ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Liver Glycogen Content

The hormonal regulation of amphibian glycogen metabolism was studied in Xenopus laevis as a typical member of the anurans (tailless amphibians).The main focus of this study was given to the effects of various hormones on the glycogen/glucose balance in adult toads. We determined biochemically the liver and muscle glycogen contents as well as the blood glucose and lipid levels for a number of hormones and also diabetes inducing substances. Additionally, we examined ultrastructure changes in hepatocytes induced by the various treatments, and also investigated the activity of carbohydrate-relevant enzymes by histochemistry. With one exception, the liver glycogen content of Xenopus remained basically unchanged by the treatments or was even slightly enhanced. Only human chorionic gonadotropin, through which the vitellogenic response is triggered, prompts a significant decrease of liver glycogen in females. Under the same conditions the male liver glycogen content remained stable. Muscle glycogen contents were not affected by any of the treatments. Blood glucose and lipid levels on the other hand were elevated considerably in both sexes after application of either epinephrine or cortisol. The ultrastructural examination revealed a proliferation of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) in hepatocytes from epinephrine treated toads of both sexes as well as from HCG treated females. By histochemistry, we detected an elevated glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the hepatocytes from toads treated with either epinephrine or cortisol. These treatments also led to enhanced glycogen phosphorylase activity in males, and to a slightly elevated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in females. Our results show that the hepatic glycogen is extremely stable in adult Xenopus. Only vitellogenesis causes a marked utilization of glycogen. Since the blood glucose levels are elevated in epinephrine or cortisol treated toads without the liver glycogen being affected, we conclude that either protein and/or lipid metabolism are involved in carbohydrate metabolism in Xenopus laevis.

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