Perception of Vocal Tremor

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody Kreiman ◽  
Brian Gabelman ◽  
Bruce R. Gerratt
Keyword(s):  
Small Amplitude ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Natural Stimuli ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vocal Tremor ◽  
Modulation Control ◽  
Tremor Model

Vocal tremors characterize many pathological voices, but acoustic-perceptual aspects of tremor are poorly understood. To investigate this relationship, 2 tremor models were implemented in a custom voice synthesizer. The first modulated fundamental frequency (F0) with a sine wave. The second provided irregular modulation. Control parameters in both models were the frequency and amplitude of the F0 modulating waveform. Thirty-two 1-s samples of /a/, produced by speakers with vocal pathology, were modeled in the synthesizer. Synthetic copies of each vowel were created by using tremor parameters derived from different features of F0 versus time plots of the natural stimuli or by using parameters chosen to match the original stimuli perceptually. Listeners compared synthetic and original stimuli in 3 experiments. Sine wave and irregular tremor models both provided excellent matches to subsets of the voices. The perceptual importance of the shape of the modulating waveform depended on the severity of the tremor, with the choice of tremor model increasing in importance as the tremor increased in severity. The average frequency deviation from the mean F0 proved a good predictor of the perceived amplitude of a tremor. Differences in tremor rates were easiest to hear when the tremor was sinusoidal and of small amplitude. Differences in tremor rate were difficult to judge for tremors of large amplitude or in the context of irregularities in the pattern of frequency modulation. These results suggest that difference limens are larger for modulation rates and amplitudes when the tremor pattern is complex. Further, tremor rate, regularity, and amplitude interact, so that the perceptual importance of any one dimension depends on values of the others.

On nearly-commensurable periods in the restricted problem of three bodies, with calculations of the long-period variations in the interior 2:1 case

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 197-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Message
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Solution ◽  
Periodic Solutions ◽  
Large Amplitude ◽  
Restricted Problem ◽  
Small Amplitude ◽  
Minor Planets ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Numerical Integrations ◽  
Period Variations ◽  
The Mean

An analytical discussion of that case of motion in the restricted problem, in which the mean motions of the infinitesimal, and smaller-massed, bodies about the larger one are nearly in the ratio of two small integers displays the existence of a series of periodic solutions which, for commensurabilities of the typep+ 1:p, includes solutions of Poincaré'sdeuxième sortewhen the commensurability is very close, and of thepremière sortewhen it is less close. A linear treatment of the long-period variations of the elements, valid for motions in which the elements remain close to a particular periodic solution of this type, shows the continuity of near-commensurable motion with other motion, and some of the properties of long-period librations of small amplitude.To extend the investigation to other types of motion near commensurability, numerical integrations of the equations for the long-period variations of the elements were carried out for the 2:1 interior case (of which the planet 108 “Hecuba” is an example) to survey those motions in which the eccentricity takes values less than 0·1. An investigation of the effect of the large amplitude perturbations near commensurability on a distribution of minor planets, which is originally uniform over mean motion, shows a “draining off” effect from the vicinity of exact commensurability of a magnitude large enough to account for the observed gap in the distribution at the 2:1 commensurability.

Ground state of one-dimension repulsing particles on disordered lattice

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (08) ◽  
pp. 1450028 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Pastur ◽  
V. V. Slavin ◽  
A. A. Krivchikov
Keyword(s):  
Ground State ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Host Lattice ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Weak Disorder ◽  
Interacting Particles ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Lattice Disorder ◽  
Disordered Lattice ◽  
The Mean

The ground state (GS) of interacting particles on a disordered one-dimensional (1D) host-lattice is studied by a new numerical method. It is shown that if the concentration of particles is small, then even a weak disorder of the host-lattice breaks the long-range order of Generalized Wigner Crystal (GWC), replacing it by the sequence of blocks (domains) of particles with random lengths. The mean domains length as a function of the host-lattice disorder parameter is also found. It is shown that the domain structure can be detected by a weak random field, whose form is similar to that of the ground state but has fluctuating domain walls positions. This is because the generalized magnetization corresponding to the field has a sufficiently sharp peak as a function of the amplitude of fluctuations for small amplitudes.

Identifying useful real-time control parameters in ozonation process

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 435-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-P. Yu ◽  
Y.-H. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Ozone Concentration ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Reactor Outlet ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Mean ◽  
State Curve

Industrial wastewaters that contain phenolic compounds are resistant to biodegradation and need preoxidation to improve their biodegradabilities. Preoxidation of these wastewaters by using ozone as the chemical oxidant has been found previously to be quite effective in promoting their biodegradability. In combined ozonation and biological processes, if we want to stop ozonation at the optimum condition (i.e. the maximum biodegradability), a biodegradation test is required. Since biodegradation tests such as BOD/TOC and oxygen uptake would take a long time, we could not know the time to stop ozonation immediately. This study was undertaken to identify process parameters (pH, ORP, ozone concentration in water, ozone gas concentration at the reactor outlet) that could be useful for monitoring and real-time control purposes in ozonation processes. We want to correlate these parameters with biodegradability and intermediates formed in ozonation processes. Results showed that the rapid increase of dissolved ozone and the first plateau termination of off-gas ozone concentrations are good indicators for the depletion of p-nitrophenol, the maximum of biodegradability and the elimination of toxicity. From the mean oxidation state curve, ozonation of p-nitrophenol could be divided into three stages, and a similar pattern could also be observed in ORP profiles. From the results of this research, the application of ozone concentration and ORP profiles as real-time control parameters seems promising.

scholarly journals Minimum-Light Phenomena in Nova-like Variables

1971 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 275-278
Author(s):  
George S. Mumford
Keyword(s):  
Small Amplitude ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Minimum Light ◽  
Light Fluctuations ◽  
The Mean

AbstractSome characteristics of the small-amplitude, quasi-periodic light fluctuations common to novalike variables are described. There appears to be a weak correlation for the majority of the objects between the dispersion about the mean magnitude and the interval between outbursts such that systems with infrequent outbursts exhibit the largest dispersions.

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE FOKKER-PLANCK AND MASTER EQUATIONS ON THE BASIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA: H-THEOREM AND S-THEOREM

1993 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. L. KLIMONTOVICH
Keyword(s):  
Open Systems ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Master Equations ◽  
Stationary States ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Experimental Time Series ◽  
H Theorem ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Given ◽  
Fokker Planck

The method of reconstruction of Fokker-Planck and Master equations for nonlinear open systems on the basis of experimental time series is considered. In the process of time evolution the entropy of a system, renormalized to the given value of the mean effective energy, increases in accordance with the kinetic equations (H-theorem). The evolution of the renormalized entropy of stationary states in the space of rule (control) parameters is also considered (S-theorem).

Empirical Tests on Regressive Estimations: Implications on Surveys and Diaries

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 1061-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rex S. Toh ◽  
Eunkyu Lee ◽  
Michael Y. Hu
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Estimation Errors ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Telephone Calls ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Behavioral Frequencies

Using a large real-life corporate database initially consisting of 3,990 heads of households stratified on the basis of various demographic and geographic variables, and whose communication activities (long distance telephone calls, letters, cards, and visits) were surveyed and monitored, this study investigated the direction as well as magnitude of estimation errors in survey responses and diary entries. Supporting the 1994 Fiedler and Armbruster psychometric formulation and conjecture, we show that estimation errors in reports of the frequency and duration of people's own communication activities exhibit a consistent tendency to regress toward the mean. This regressive estimation is greater for those who are further away from the mean in actual behavior and is proportional to the actual deviation from the mean. Furthermore, this regressive estimation is inversely related to the average frequency across behavioral categories. An important implication of our findings is that the distribution of estimated behavioral frequencies and durations appear more concentrated in surveys than they actually are in the general population, although the general shape of the distribution is unaffected.

scholarly journals Amplitude and phase dynamics in oscillators with distributed-delay coupling

2013 ◽  
Vol 371 (1999) ◽  
pp. 20120466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. N. Kyrychko ◽  
K. B. Blyuss ◽  
E. Schöll
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Delay ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Amplitude Death ◽  
Phase Dynamics ◽  
Delay Distribution ◽  
Oscillatory Dynamics ◽  
Phase Representation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

This paper studies the effects of distributed-delay coupling on the dynamics in a system of non-identical coupled Stuart–Landau oscillators. For uniform and gamma delay distribution kernels, the conditions for amplitude death are obtained in terms of average frequency, frequency detuning and the parameters of the coupling, including coupling strength and phase, as well as the mean time delay and the width of the delay distribution. To gain further insights into the dynamics inside amplitude death regions, the eigenvalues of the corresponding characteristic equations are computed numerically. Oscillatory dynamics of the system is also investigated, using amplitude and phase representation. Various branches of phase-locked solutions are identified, and their stability is analysed for different types of delay distributions.

A note on group velocity

1977 ◽  
Vol 354 (1679) ◽  
pp. 533-535 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Group Velocity ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Small Amplitude ◽  
Velocity Vector ◽  
Plane Waves ◽  
Dispersive System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Elliptically Polarized

By a simpler proof than was previously available (see, for example Rayleigh 1877, Lighthill 1960) it is shown that the mean energy flux velocity vector for a single infinite train of elliptically polarized harmonic small amplitude plane waves propagating in a homogeneous conservative, dispersive system is equal to the group velocity.

Optimising Reactive Control in Non-Ideal Efficiency Wave Energy Converters

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Strager ◽  
A. Martin dit Neuville ◽  
P. Fernández López ◽  
G. Giorgio ◽  
T. Mureşan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Point Absorber ◽  
Wave Energy Converters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Energy Converters

When analytically optimising the control strategy in wave energy converters which use a point absorber, the efficiency aspect is generally neglected. The results presented in this paper provide an analytical expression for the mean harvested electrical power in non-ideal efficiency situations. These have been derived under the assumptions of monochromatic incoming waves and linear system behaviour. This allows to establish the power factor of a system with non-ideal efficiency. The locus of the optimal reactive control parameters is then studied and an alternative method of representation is developed to model the optimal control parameters. Ultimately we present a simple method of choosing optimal control parameters for any combination of efficiency and wave frequency.

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