Morphological Development in Normal and Clinical Populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1250-1258
Author(s):  
Joanna Morris
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Morphological Processing ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Language Difficulties ◽  
Skilled Reading ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Clinical Populations

Purpose The goal of this review article is to summarize what is currently known about morphological processing in both normal and clinical populations in order to present unexplored opportunities to focus remediation efforts for children with language difficulties. Method Existing evidence was collected via a computerized database search, and the data were summarized in a narrative review. Conclusions Strong, precise lexical representations are key to skilled reading and writing performance, and the available evidence suggests that, in order to become efficient readers, English-speaking children must acquire a rapid and flexible word recognition system that can accommodate the quasiregular morpho-orthographic to semantic mappings that characterize English. Individual differences may affect how easily children are able to discover these regularities on the basis of linguistic experience and make use of sublexical morphemic constituents in visual word recognition.

scholarly journals The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ton Dijkstra ◽  
Walter J.B. van Heuven
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Decision System ◽  
Stimulus List ◽  
New Model ◽  
Lexical Representations

The paper opens with an evaluation of the BIA model of bilingual word recognition in the light of recent empirical evidence. After pointing out problems and omissions, a new model, called the BIA+, is proposed. Structurally, this new model extends the old one by adding phonological and semantic lexical representations to the available orthographic ones, and assigns a different role to the so-called language nodes. Furthermore, it makes a distinction between the effects of non-linguistic context (such as instruction and stimulus list composition) and linguistic context (such as the semantic and syntactic effects of sentence context), based on a distinction between the word identification system itself and a task/decision system that regulates control. At the end of the paper, the generalizability of the BIA+ model to different tasks and modalities is discussed.

OFFLINE YORÙBÁ HANDWRITTEN WORD RECOGNITION USING GEOMETRIC FEATURE EXTRACTION AND SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE CLASSIFIER

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 504
Author(s):  
Matthias Omotayo Oladele ◽  
Temilola Morufat Adepoju ◽  
Olaide ` Abiodun Olatoke ◽  
Oluwaseun Adewale Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Support Vector Machine ◽  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Support Vector Machine Classifier ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Geometric Features ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Yoruba Language

Yorùbá language is one of the three main languages that is been spoken in Nigeria. It is a tonal language that carries an accent on the vowel alphabets. There are twenty-five (25) alphabets in Yorùbá language with one of the alphabets a digraph (GB). Due to the difficulty in typing handwritten Yorùbá documents, there is a need to develop a handwritten recognition system that can convert the handwritten texts to digital format. This study discusses the offline Yorùbá handwritten word recognition system (OYHWR) that recognizes Yorùbá uppercase alphabets. Handwritten characters and words were obtained from different writers using the paint application and M708 graphics tablets. The characters were used for training and the words were used for testing. Pre-processing was done on the images and the geometric features of the images were extracted using zoning and gradient-based feature extraction. Geometric features are the different line types that form a particular character such as the vertical, horizontal, and diagonal lines. The geometric features used are the number of horizontal lines, number of vertical lines, number of right diagonal lines, number of left diagonal lines, total length of all horizontal lines, total length of all vertical lines, total length of all right slanting lines, total length of all left-slanting lines and the area of the skeleton. The characters are divided into 9 zones and gradient feature extraction was used to extract the horizontal and vertical components and geometric features in each zone. The words were fed into the support vector machine classifier and the performance was evaluated based on recognition accuracy. Support vector machine is a two-class classifier, hence a multiclass SVM classifier least square support vector machine (LSSVM) was used for word recognition. The one vs one strategy and RBF kernel were used and the recognition accuracy obtained from the tested words ranges between 66.7%, 83.3%, 85.7%, 87.5%, and 100%. The low recognition rate for some of the words could be as a result of the similarity in the extracted features.

Visual Recognition System of Elastic Rail Clips for Mass Rapid Transit Systems

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiang-Yu Hsieh ◽  
Nanming Chen ◽  
Ching-Lung Liao
Keyword(s):  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Morphological Processing ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Rapid Transit ◽  
Grey Level ◽  
Railway Transportation ◽  
Transit Systems ◽  
Mass Rapid Transit

In recent years, the railway transportation system has become one of the main means of transportation. Therefore, driving safety is of great importance. However, because of the potential of multiple breaks of elastic rail clips in a fixed rail, accidents may occur when a train passes through the track. This paper presents the development of a computer visual recognition system which can detect the status of elastic rail clips. This visual recognition system can be used in mass rapid transit systems to reduce the substantial need of manpower for checking elastic rail clips at present. The visual recognition system under current development includes five components: preprocessing, identification of rail position, search of elastic rail clip regions, selection of the elastic rail clip, and recognition of the elastic rail clip. The preprocessing system transforms the colored images into grey-level images and eliminates noises. The identification of rail position system uses characteristics of the grey-level variation and confirms the rail position. The search system uses wavelet transformation to carry out the search of elastic rail clip regions. The selection system finds a suitable threshold, using techniques from morphological processing, object search and image processing. The recognition system processes characteristics and structures of elastic rail clips. Experimental testing shows the ability of the developed system to recognize both normal elastic rail clip images and broken elastic rail clip images. This result confirms the feasibility in developing such a visual recognition system.

scholarly journals Priming effects in the recognition of simple and complex words and pseudowords

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-222
Author(s):  
Miguel Lázaro ◽  
Víctor Illera ◽  
Javier Sainz
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Morphological Processing ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
The Third ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Intense Debate

AbstractWhether morphological processing of complex words occurs beyond orthographic processing is a matter of intense debate. In this study, morphological processing is examined by presenting complex words (brujería -> brujo –witchcraft -> witch), as well as simple (brujaña->brujo) and complex pseudowords (brujanza ->brujo), as primes in three masked lexical decision tasks. In the first experiment, the three experimental conditions facilitated word recognition in comparison to the control condition, but no differences emerged between them. Given the importance of the surface frequency effect observed, a second experiment was conducted. The results fully replicate those observed in the first one, but this time with low frequency targets. In the third experiment, vowels were removed from the stems of primes to reduce the orthographic overlap between primes and targets and, therefore, the influence of the embedded stem effect. The results show facilitative effects only for complex words. However, paired comparisons show no differences between experimental conditions. The overall results show the central role played by the processing of stems in visual word recognition and are explained in terms of current models of morphological processing.

scholarly journals The case for morphophonological intervention: Evidence from a Greek-speaking child with speech difficulties

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleftheria Geronikou ◽  
Maggie Vance ◽  
Bill Wells ◽  
Jenny Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Speech Sound ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Speech Sound Disorders ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Assessment Scores ◽  
Single Subject Research ◽  
Language Difficulties ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
And Control

Intervention with children with speech and language difficulties has been proven beneficial compared with no treatment yet, knowing what type of intervention to provide remains a challenge. Studies of English-speaking children indicate that intervention targeting the production of morphological targets may have a positive effect on phonological aspects and vice versa. However, studies have not reported on generalization effects to untreated morphemes and little is yet known about morphological intervention in the context of a highly inflected language. The purpose of the current intervention case study was to investigate the effect of intervention in relation to phonological and morphological targets in Greek, a language characterized by complex inflectional morphology. A single subject research design was used with pre- and post-intervention assessment carried out. The participant was a four-year-old Greek-speaking boy with speech difficulties. The production of /s/, a phoneme used in multiple phonological and morphological contexts was targeted with alternating focus of intervention between phonological and morphological targets. Assessment took place at two levels: macro-assessment to monitor broad changes in speech; micro-assessment to measure therapy-specific changes in the production of treated targets and generalization to untreated targets and control items. There were four phases of intervention with a total of 24 hours of therapy. Significant improvement in performance accuracy was found between assessment scores immediately pre- and post-intervention. Intervention targeting the production of a phoneme in the word stem was not sufficient to accomplish the accurate production of morphemes requiring the same phoneme; intervention directly targeting morphemes was successful. Within-domain generalization was observed in both domains. Improved naming accuracy was observed post-intervention that was maintained at follow-up. The present study supports the case for morphophonological intervention. Morphological elements should be addressed in a comprehensive intervention for speech sound disorders.

Word recognition in aphasia

2007 ◽  
pp. 140-156
Author(s):  
Sheila Blumstein
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Speech Processing ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Sentential Context ◽  
The Face ◽  
Speech And Language Processing

This article reviews current knowledge about the nature of auditory word recognition deficits in aphasia. It assumes that the language functioning of adults with aphasia was normal prior to sustaining brain injury, and that their word recognition system was intact. As a consequence, the study of aphasia provides insight into how damage to particular areas of the brain affects speech and language processing, and thus provides a crucial step in mapping out the neural systems underlying speech and language processing. To this end, much of the discussion focuses on word recognition deficits in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics, two clinical syndromes that have provided the basis for much of the study of the neural basis of language. Clinically, Broca's aphasics have a profound expressive impairment in the face of relatively good auditory language comprehension. This article also considers deficits in processing the sound structure of language, graded activation of the lexicon, lexical competition, influence of word recognition on speech processing, and influence of sentential context on word recognition.

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