Neuromotor Control of Speech and Speechlike Tasks: Implications From Articulatory Gestures

Purpose This study aimed to provide a preliminary examination of the articulatory control of speech and speechlike tasks based on a gestural framework and identify shared and task-specific articulatory factors in speech and speechlike tasks. Method Ten healthy participants performed two speechlike tasks (i.e., alternating motion rate [AMR] and sequential motion rate [SMR]) and three speech tasks (i.e., reading of “clever Kim called the cat clinic” at the regular, fast, and slow rates) that varied in phonological complexity and rate. Articulatory kinematics were recorded using an electromagnetic kinematic tracking system (Wave, Northern Digital Inc.). Based on the gestural framework for articulatory phonology, the gestures of tongue body and lips were derived from the kinematic data. These gestures were subjected to a fine-grained analysis, which extracted (a) four gestural features (i.e., range of magnitude [ROM], frequency [Freq], acceleration time, and maximum speed [maxSpd]) for the tongue body gesture; (b) three intergestural measures including the peak intergestural coherence (InterCOH), frequency at which the peak intergestural coherence occurs (Freq_InterCOH), and the mean absolute relative phase between the tongue body and lip gestures; and (c) three intragestural (i.e., interarticulator) measures including the peak intragestural coherence (IntraCOH), Freq_IntraCOH, and mean absolute relative phase between the tongue body and the jaw, which are the component articulators that underlie the tongue body gesture. In addition, the performance rate for each task was also derived. The effects of task and sex on all the articulatory and behavioral measures were examined using mixed-design analysis of variance followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons across tasks. Results Task had a significant effect on performance rate, ROM, Freq, maxSpd, InterCOH, Freq_InterCOH, IntraCOH, and Freq_IntraCOH. Compared to the speech tasks, the AMR task showed a decrease in ROM and increases in Freq, InterCOH, Freq_InterCOH, IntraCOH, and Freq_IntraCOH. The SMR task showed similar ROM, Freq, maxSpd, InterCOH, and IntraCOH as the fast and regular speech tasks. Conclusions The simple phonological structure and demand for rapid syllable rate for the AMR task may elicit a distinct articulatory control mechanism. Despite being a rapid nonsense syllable repetition task, the relatively complex phonological structure of the SMR task appeared to elicit a similar articulatory control mechanism as that of speech production. Based on these shared and task-specific articulatory features between speech and speechlike tasks, the clinical implications for articulatory assessment were discussed.

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Supporting Fine-Grained Concurrent Tasks and Personal Workspaces for a Hybrid Concurrency Control Mechanism in a Networked Virtual Environment

Presence Teleoperators & Virtual Environments ◽

10.1162/pres_a_00127 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 452-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jun Lee ◽

Mingyu Lim ◽

HyungSeok Kim ◽

Jee‐In Kim

Keyword(s):

Virtual Environment ◽

Concurrency Control ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Large Scale ◽

Control Mechanism ◽

Control Approach ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Locking Mechanism ◽

Networked Virtual Environment ◽

Aided Design

A concurrency control mechanism for a networked virtual environment is a key element in many collaborative computer-aided design applications. However, conventional object-based locking mechanisms restrict the behaviors of nonowners, and an attribute-based locking mechanism may produce another problem called task-surprise, which disturbs users' collaboration. In this paper, we propose a hybrid concurrency control mechanism that reduces restrictions of nonowners' behaviors and task-surprises in a networked virtual environment. The proposed method consists of two concurrency control approaches: task-based concurrency control and personal workspaces. The task-based concurrency control approach allows nonowners to do some tasks if they do not conflict with the tasks of the owner of the shared object. The personal workspaces approach provides an independent workspace where a user can manipulate copies of the shared objects. The proposed method was applied to a collaborative level design for a large-scale online game as a case study. We evaluated its performance by experiments and user studies to check acceptance and usability of the proposed method.

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A Fine-Grained Cross-Domain Access Control Mechanism for Social Internet of Things

2014 IEEE 11th Intl Conf on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing and 2014 IEEE 11th Intl Conf on Autonomic and Trusted Computing and 2014 IEEE 14th Intl Conf on Scalable Computing and Communications and Its Associated Workshops ◽

10.1109/uic-atc-scalcom.2014.140 ◽

2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jun Wu ◽

Mianxiong Dong ◽

Kaoru Ota ◽

Jianhua Li ◽

Bei Pei

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Access Control ◽

Control Mechanism ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Cross Domain ◽

Social Internet Of Things ◽

Access Control Mechanism

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An Action-Based Fine-Grained Access Control Mechanism for Structured Documents and Its Application

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/232708 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mang Su ◽

Fenghua Li ◽

Zhi Tang ◽

Yinyan Yu ◽

Bo Zhou

Keyword(s):

Access Control ◽

Control Mechanism ◽

Usage Control ◽

Z Notation ◽

Control Protocol ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Structured Documents ◽

Access Control Mechanism

This paper presents an action-based fine-grained access control mechanism for structured documents. Firstly, we define a describing model for structured documents and analyze the application scenarios. The describing model could support the permission management on chapters, pages, sections, words, and pictures of structured documents. Secondly, based on the action-based access control (ABAC) model, we propose a fine-grained control protocol for structured documents by introducing temporal state and environmental state. The protocol covering different stages from document creation, to permission specification and usage control are given by using the Z-notation. Finally, we give the implementation of our mechanism and make the comparisons between the existing methods and our mechanism. The result shows that our mechanism could provide the better solution of fine-grained access control for structured documents in complicated networks. Moreover, it is more flexible and practical.

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Effects of Cooperative Homework Teams on the Acquisition of Mathematics Skills by Secondary Students with Mild Disabilities

Council review ◽

10.1177/001440299406000606 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 60 (6) ◽

pp. 538-548 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Mary Curley O'Melia ◽

Michael S. Rosenberg

Keyword(s):

Secondary Students ◽

Grade Level ◽

Global Measure ◽

School Students ◽

Mild Disabilities ◽

Mathematics Skills ◽

Mediating Factor ◽

8Th Graders ◽

Performance Rate ◽

Post Hoc

We examined the effects of a homework model, Cooperative Homework Teams (CHT), on three measures of mathematics performance: rate of homework completion, percentage correct on homework, and a norm-referenced global measure of mathematics achievement. Participants, 171 middle school students with mild disabilities (learning disabilities or emotional disturbance), were assigned to either the CHT or a control (C) condition. Significant differences between the conditions were found on the two homework measures, but not on the global measure. Post-hoc analyses indicated that grade level was a mediating factor: CHT was less effective for 6th than for 7th and 8th graders. No significant effects were noted for either type of disability or level of special education service.

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New Calorimeter Techniques

10.1093/oso/9780198786351.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Wigmans

Keyword(s):

Tracking System ◽

Flow Analysis ◽

Simultaneous Detection ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Design Flexibility ◽

Shower Development ◽

Gaussian Line Shape ◽

Compensating Devices ◽

Gaussian Line

This chapter is dedicated to calorimeter techniques that have been developed since the first edition of this monograph was published (2000). The Dual Readout Method (DREAM) aims to combine the advantages of compensation (linearity, excellent hadron resolution, Gaussian line shape) with a certain amount of design flexibility. This method, based on simultaneous detection of scintillation and Cherenkov light produyced in the shower development, eliminates some of the disadvantages of compensating devices, and in particular the dependence on efficient neutron detection of the latter. The Particle Flow Analysis method aims to combine the information provided by a good tracking system with that provided by a fine-grained calorimeter system to obtain excellent performance for the detection of jets. The results achieved with both methods, and the challenges faced in practice, are described in detail.

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Validation of a Video-Based Performance Analysis System (Mediacoach®) to Analyze the Physical Demands during Matches in LaLiga

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19194113 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (19) ◽

pp. 4113 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jose Luis Felipe ◽

Jorge Garcia-Unanue ◽

David Viejo-Romero ◽

Archit Navandar ◽

Javier Sánchez-Sánchez

Keyword(s):

Performance Analysis ◽

Real Time ◽

Tracking System ◽

Maximum Speed ◽

Camera Tracking ◽

Total Distance ◽

Maximum Bias ◽

The Difference ◽

Analysis System ◽

Gps System

The aim of the present study was to assess the accuracy of a multi-camera tracking system (Mediacoach®) to track elite football players’ movements in real time. A total of 207 observations of 38 official matches from Liga 1, 2, 3™ (2nd Spanish Division, season 2017/18) were included in the study (88 defenders, 84 midfielders, and 35 attackers of the same team). Total distance (TD, m) distance in zone 4 (DZ4) at a speed of 14–21 km/h, distance in zone 5 (DZ5) at a speed of 21–24 km/h (DZ5), distance in zone 6 (DZ6) at a speed of ≥24 km/h, maximum speed (km/h), and number of sprints (actions above 24 km/h) were registered with the Apex® GPS system (STATSports™, Newry, N. Ireland) and Mediacoach® semi-automatic tracking system (LaLiga™, Madrid, Spain). The level of agreement between variables estimated by the two systems was analyzed. Bias was also calculated by deducting the GPS estimated value from the video estimated value, and then dividing the difference score by the GPS estimated value. All variables showed high ICC values (>0.75) and very large correlations (r > 0.70). However the video-based performance analysis system overestimated the results obtained in the different speed zones (DZ5: +16.59 ± 62.29 m; LOA95%: −105.49 to 138.68; DZ6: +93.26 ± 67.76 m; LOA95%: −39.55 to 226.07), the number of sprints (+2.27 ± 2.94; LOA95%: −3.49 to 8.02), and the maximum speed (+0.32 ± 1.25 km/h; LOA95%: −2.13 to 2.77). The maximum bias was found in DZ6 (47%). This demonstrates that Mediacoach® is as accurate as a GPS system to obtain objective data in real time, adapted to physical and movement demands of elite football, especially for total distance and distances traveled at medium speeds.

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How Visual Expertise Changes Representational Geometry: A Behavioral and Neural Perspective

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn_a_01778 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Stefanie Duyck ◽

Farah Martens ◽

Chiu-Yueh Chen ◽

Hans Op de Beeck

Keyword(s):

Information Processing ◽

Brain Function ◽

Visual Expertise ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Behavioral Level ◽

Fmri Study ◽

Neural Information ◽

Neural Information Processing ◽

Subordinate Level ◽

And Task

Abstract Many people develop expertise in specific domains of interest, such as chess, microbiology, radiology, and, the case in point in our study: ornithology. It is poorly understood to what extent such expertise alters brain function. Previous neuroimaging studies of expertise have typically focused upon the category level, for example, selectivity for birds versus nonbird stimuli. We present a multivariate fMRI study focusing upon the representational similarity among objects of expertise at the subordinate level. We compare the neural representational spaces of experts and novices to behavioral judgments. At the behavioral level, ornithologists (n = 20) have more fine-grained and task-dependent representations of item similarity that are more consistent among experts compared to control participants. At the neural level, the neural patterns of item similarity are more distinct and consistent in experts than in novices, which is in line with the behavioral results. In addition, these neural patterns in experts show stronger correlations with behavior compared to novices. These findings were prominent in frontal regions, and some effects were also found in occipitotemporal regions. This study illustrates the potential of an analysis of representational geometry to understand to what extent expertise changes neural information processing.

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An Efficient Fine-grained Access Control mechanism for database outsourcing service

2012 International Conference on Information Security and Intelligent Control ◽

10.1109/isic.2012.6449709 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

T. B. P. Hue ◽

G. N. Luyen ◽

N. D. Kha ◽

S. Wohlgemuth ◽

I. Echizen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Access Control ◽

Control Mechanism ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Database Outsourcing ◽

Access Control Mechanism

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The metabolic response to treadmill graded exercise: traditional vs. underwater

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep12002 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 11-18

Author(s):

P. Watson ◽

C. Mendonca ◽

R.A. Lehnhard ◽

S. Tu ◽

S.A. Butterfield ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Lactate ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Metabolic Response ◽

Metabolic Stress ◽

Maximum Speed ◽

Exercise Tests ◽

Bruce Protocol ◽

Graded Exercise ◽

Blood Lactate Accumulation ◽

Post Hoc

The purpose of this study was to determine the metabolic effect(s) of four graded exercise tests (GXT) performed on the underwater treadmill (UWT), and compare them to the results from performing the standard Bruce protocol on a traditional land treadmill (LT). Twelve male Division I college athletes performed the stand Bruce protocol on a LT and 4 different GXT protocols on the UWT. Each test was performed to volitional max. oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and blood lactate (BL), which were measured at regular intervals throughout each of the GXTs. A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine any main effect among the variables within the protocols and within the stages. Established effects were identified further using Tukey's post-hoc analysis. VO2 and HR were positively correlated in all the GXTs, (r=0.992−0.999). When comparing the UWT GXTs to the Bruce, significant (P≤0.001) differences were found within certain stages for each of the dependent variables. While the Bruce resulted in attainment of VO2max, (mean = 55.72±5.92 ml/kg/min), only one of the UWT GXTs resulted in the same level of metabolic stress. At maximum speed and water velocity, the UWT produced a mean VO2 of 53.9±3.68 ml/kg/min. HR and RER both increased by stage in all the GXTs as did BL. The onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) was identified in all of the GXTs with the exception of one of the UWTs. Mean BL at OBLA ranged from, 3.12+1.31 to 5.98+4.24 mmol/dl. Our results suggest that an UWT GXT protocol can be developed that would produce metabolic results similar to the Bruce through stage 5. Buoyancy and variation in biomechanics need to be studied further for their effects on energy metabolism while performing work on the UWT. However, this study provides a better understanding of the metabolic demands at different treadmill speeds and water jet settings with the UWT.

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