The Complex Role of Utterance Length on Grammaticality: Multivariate Multilevel Analysis of English and Spanish Utterances of First-Grade English Learners

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Anny Castilla-Earls ◽  
David J. Francis ◽  
Aquiles Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
English Learners ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
First Graders ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Mixed Linear Models ◽  
Error Type ◽  
Child Effects ◽  
Utterance Length ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: This study examined the relationship between utterance length, syntactic complexity, and the probability of making an error at the utterance level. Method: The participants in this study included 830 Spanish-speaking first graders who were learning English at school. Story retells in both Spanish and English were collected from all children. Generalized mixed linear models were used to examine within-child and between-children effects of utterance length and subordination on the probability of making an error at the utterance level. Results: The relationship between utterance length and grammaticality was found to differ by error type (omission vs. commission), language (Spanish vs. English), and level of analysis (within-child vs. between-children). For errors of commission, the probability of making an error increased as a child produced utterances that were longer relative to their average utterance length (within-child effect). Contrastively, for errors of omission, the probability of making an error decreased when a child produced utterances that were longer relative to their average utterance length (within-child effect). In English, a child who produced utterances that were, on average, longer than the average utterance length for all children produced more errors of commission and fewer errors of omission (between-children effect). This between-children effect was similar in Spanish for errors of commission but nonsignificant for errors of omission. For both error types, the within-child effects of utterance length were moderated by the use of subordination. Conclusion: The relationship between utterance length and grammaticality is complex and varies by error type, language, and whether the frame of reference is the child's own language (within-child effect) or the language of other children (between-children effect). Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.17035916

scholarly journals Relationship between Cycling Infrastructure and Transportation Cycling in a Small Urban Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Richard Larouche ◽  
Nimesh Patel ◽  
Jennifer L. Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Generalized Linear Models ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small City ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Past ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
The Relationship

The role of infrastructure in encouraging transportation cycling in smaller cities with a low prevalence of cycling remains unclear. To investigate the relationship between the presence of infrastructure and transportation cycling in a small city (Lethbridge, AB, Canada), we interviewed 246 adults along a recently-constructed bicycle boulevard and two comparison streets with no recent changes in cycling infrastructure. One comparison street had a separate multi-use path and the other had no cycling infrastructure. Questions addressed time spent cycling in the past week and 2 years prior and potential socio-demographic and psychosocial correlates of cycling, including safety concerns. Finally, we asked participants what could be done to make cycling safer and more attractive. We examined predictors of cycling using gender-stratified generalized linear models. Women interviewed along the street with a separate path reported cycling more than women on the other streets. A more favorable attitude towards cycling and greater habit strength were associated with more cycling in both men and women. Qualitative data revealed generally positive views about the bicycle boulevard, a need for education about sharing the road and for better cycling infrastructure in general. Our results suggest that, even in smaller cities, cycling infrastructure may encourage cycling, especially among women.

Musicians body sway embodies musical structure and expression: A recurrence-based approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Demos ◽  
Roger Chaffin ◽  
Topher Logan
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Mixed Linear Models ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
Performance Style ◽  
The Relationship

Musicians’ sway during performance seems to be related to musical structure. However, it has yet to be shown that examples of the relationship are not simply due to chance. Progress has been impeded by three problems: the assumption that musical structure is constant across performances; the complexity of the movements; and the inability of traditional statistical tests to accurately model the multilevel temporal hierarchies involved. We solved these problems in a study of the side-to-side postural sway of two trombonists as they each recorded two performances of each of two solo pieces in each of three different performance styles (normal, expressive, non-expressive). The musicians reported their phrasing immediately after each performance by marking copies of the score. We measured the rate and stability (mean line) of recurrence (self-similarity) and assessed the effect of serial position within a phrase, using mixed linear models to model the nesting of phrases within pieces, within performances, across expressive styles and musicians. Recurrence and stability of recurrence changed systematically across the course of a phrase, producing sinusoidal-like and arch-shaped phrasing contours that differed with the performance style and length of phrase. As long suspected, musicians’ expressive movements reflect musical structure.

scholarly journals When does math anxiety in parents and teachers predict math anxiety and math achievement in elementary school children? The role of gender and grade year

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 1023-1054
Author(s):  
Monika Szczygieł
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School Children ◽  
Math Achievement ◽  
Math Anxiety ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Third Grade ◽  
Final Grade ◽  
Early School ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Social Source

Abstract The study investigated the relationship between math anxiety in parents and teachers and math anxiety and math achievement in first- to third-grade children. The results indicate that math anxiety in fathers (but not mothers and teachers) is associated with math anxiety in first-grade children and third-grade girls. Math anxiety in mothers and teachers (but not fathers) explains the level of math achievement in third-grade children. The research results indicate the importance of adults in shaping pupils’ math anxiety and math achievement, but these relationships vary depending on gender and the grade year. The obtained outcomes generally suggest that adults’ math anxiety is not a social source of children’s math anxiety, but it can be considered a source of low math achievement among children in the final grade of early school education.

Exploring The Role of Teacher Quality in Predicting Reading Outcomes for First-Grade English Learners

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Gersten ◽  
Scott K. Baker ◽  
Diane Haager ◽  
Anne W. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Quality ◽  
English Learners ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Reading Outcomes

scholarly journals Mean length of utterance and the acquisition of Irish

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Hickey
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Word Count ◽  
Utterance Length ◽  
Grammatical Complexity ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Predictive Relationship ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACTOne of the most widely used indices of language development is a measure of utterance length in morphemes (MLUm). This study examines the applicability of MLUm to the acquisition of Irish. MLUm was calculated for data from Cian, aged 1;11–3;0. Even when an attempt was made to ‘assume the maximum’ by counting all possible morphemes, the correlation between a morpheme MLU (MLUm) and a word count MLU (MLUw) was very high (0·99). This points to MLUw being as effective a measure of Irish development as MLUm, as well as being easier to apply and more reliable. MLUw was calculated for the two younger children in the study (Eibhlís 1;4–2;1 and Eoin 1;10–2;6). An examination of the relationship between the three children's MLUw values and their grammatical complexity as measured on ILARSP (the Irish adaptation of LARSP) indicates that MLUw is a useful preliminary index for early development in Irish. However, further data are necessary to check whether MLUw loses its predictive relationship with grammatical complexity after a certain point. The study emphasizes the caution necessary in applying MLU to languages whose acquisition has not hitherto been studied, and underlines the role of MLU as a preliminary measure, which must not be overinterpreted.

scholarly journals The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Lockdown on Athletes’ Subjective Vitality: The Protective Role of Resilience and Autonomous Goal Motives

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Martínez-González ◽  
Francisco L. Atienza ◽  
Inés Tomás ◽  
Joan L. Duda ◽  
Isabel Balaguer
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Subjective Vitality ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Mediational Role ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The lockdown resulting from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a huge impact on peoples’ health. In sport specifically, athletes have had to deal with frustration of their objectives and changes in their usual training routines. The challenging and disruptive situation could hold implications for their well-being. This study examined the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on changes in athletes’ reported eudaimonic well-being (subjective vitality) and goal motives (autonomous and controlled) over time (i.e., pre-lockdown and during lockdown). The relationship of resilience to changes in subjective vitality was also determined, and changes in athletes’ goal motives were examined as potential mediators. Participants were 127 Spanish university athletes aged between 18 and 34 years (M = 21.14; SD = 2.77). Approximately 4 months before the start of the lockdown in Spain (T1), athletes responded to a questionnaire assessing their resilience, goal motives, and subjective vitality. Around 6 months later into the lockdown period (T2), athletes’ goal motives and subjective vitality were assessed again. Growth modeling using hierarchical linear models revealed a significant decrease of autonomous goal motives and subjective vitality during the lockdown, but athletes did not show change over time in controlled goal motives. Path analysis, adjusting T2 measures for their corresponding T1 measures, showed that resilience significantly predicted changes in athletes’ autonomous goal motives, which then accounted for changes in subjective vitality. The indirect effect was significant. Resilience did not predict changes in athletes’ controlled goal motives. However, changes in controlled goal motives negatively predicted changes in subjective vitality during lockdown. The findings suggest negative impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on athletes’ goal motives and eudaimonic well-being. Results also support the hypothesized mediational role of autonomous goal motives in the relationship between resilience and subjective vitality during the lockdown. As such, findings confirm the relevance of resilience to a key feature of athletes’ eudaimonic well-being and the importance of enhancing their autonomous goal striving.

To Lead Is to Err: The Mediating Role of Attribution in the Relationship Between Leader Error and Leader Ratings

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla B. Follmer ◽  
Brett H. Neely ◽  
Kisha S. Jones ◽  
Samuel T. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Error Type ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Error Taxonomy ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mediation Models ◽  
Error Types

The purpose of this study was threefold: to expand the existing leader error taxonomy to include a third dimension of leader error (i.e., ethical errors), to examine the differential effects of error type on leader ratings, and to test a mediated model in which behavioral attribution mediated the relationship between error type and leader ratings. Results showed that ethical errors were distinct from previously established dimensions. Ethical and relationship errors resulted in lower ratings of leader liking and willingness to follow the leader, as compared to task errors. In addition to showing how error types differentially affected leader ratings, this study provided evidence for how this relationship is transmitted. Across two mediation models, behavioral attribution mediated the relationship between leader error and leader ratings after an error occurred. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed as well as future directions for research.

scholarly journals Conflicting personal goals: a risk to occupational well-being?

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1034-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katriina Hyvönen ◽  
Johanna Rantanen ◽  
Mari Huhtala ◽  
Bettina S. Wiese ◽  
Asko Tolvanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Goal Conflict ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Job Change ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Work Goals ◽  
Moderating Role

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the moderating role of goal conflict in the relationship between the contents of managers’ personal work goals and occupational well-being (burnout and work engagement). Eight goal categories (organization, competence, well-being, career-ending, progression, prestige, job change, and employment contract) described the contents of goals. Goal conflict reflected the degree to which a personal work goal was perceived to interfere with other life domains. Design/methodology/approach – The data were drawn from a study directed to Finnish managers in 2009 (n=806). General linear models were conducted to investigate the associations between goal content categories and occupational well-being and to test whether goal conflict moderates the relationship between goal content categories and occupational well-being. Findings – Career-ending goals related to significantly higher burnout than progression goals. Participants with organization, competence, or progression goals reported the highest goal conflict, whereas participants with well-being, career-ending, or job change goals reported lower goal conflict. Goal conflict was found to have a moderating role: in a high-goal conflict situation, participants with organizational, competence, and progression goals reported lower occupational well-being, whereas participants with job change goals reported higher occupational well-being. Originality/value – The research highlights that both the contents and appraisals (e.g. goal conflict) of personal work goals should be taken into account when investigating the relationship between personal goals and well-being at work.

scholarly journals EXAMINING THE “ELSAGATE” PHENOMENON: DISTURBING CHILDREN’S YOUTUBE CONTENT AND NEW FRONTIERS IN CHILDREN’S CULTURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Balanzategui
Keyword(s):  
Genre Studies ◽  
Child Effects ◽  
Cultural Boundaries ◽  
Children’S Agency ◽  
Children's Culture ◽  
Cultural Anxieties ◽  
Adult Culture ◽  
Media Practices ◽  
The Relationship

This paper investigates new genres of children's content on YouTube that have provoked potent cultural anxieties about the role of YouTube in children's culture, and have raised concerns about the apparent wealth of content targeted at children on the platform that is not child-appropriate. The paper examines the journalistic commentary that constitutes the "Elsagate" phenomenon - the neologism used to describe public revelations about the controversy - and conducts a genre studies textual analysis of the YouTube content consistently referenced in this commentary. This analysis aims to illuminate the relationship between the textual features of disturbing children's YouTube content and the cultural anxieties these features have incited. The paper contends that the child-oriented YouTube genres at the centre of the Elsagate controversy re-position extant cultural boundaries of child-appropriate content – boundaries which in some cases have long been enshrined in policy and standards guidelines – in ways that trouble ingrained ideological distinctions between child and adult culture. The paper illustrates how disturbing children’s YouTube content interrupts traditional power balances and interplays between media industries, parental mediation strategies, and “child-effects”: young children’s agency over their own consumption choices and influence on parental media practices (Bulck et al, 2016).  

scholarly journals The Role of School Physical Activity Programs in Child Body Mass Trajectory

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Maria Fernandes ◽  
Roland Sturm
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
First Graders ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Growth Curve Models ◽  
National Cohort ◽  
Physical Activity Programs ◽  
Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey

Background:Physical activity at school can support obesity prevention among youth. This paper assesses the role of existing school physical activity programs for a national cohort from first grade to fifth grade.Methods:We analyzed a cohort from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey—Kindergarten Cohort which included 8246 children in 970 schools across the country. Growth curve models estimate the effect of physical education (PE) and recess on individual child body mass trajectories controlling for child and school characteristics. Hierarchical models allow for unobserved school and child effects.Results:Among first graders, 7.0% met the National Association of Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) recommended time for PE and 70.7% met the recommended time for recess in the previous week. Boys experienced a greater increase in body mass than girls. Meeting the NASPE recommended time for recess was associated with a 0.74 unit decrease in BMI (body mass index) percentile for children overall. Meeting the NASPE recommendation for physical education was associated with 1.56 unit decrease in BMI percentile among boys but not girls.Conclusions:We find evidence that meeting the national recommendations for PE and recess is effective in mitigating body mass increase among children.

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