Perception of Temporal Order of Vowels and Consonant-Vowel Syllables

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 742-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter L. Cullinan ◽  
Elaine Erdos ◽  
Ronald Schaefer ◽  
Mary Ellen Tekieli
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Connected Speech ◽  
Threshold Duration

Recent findings indicate that the presence of formant transitions aids the perception of the order of stimuli in repeating sequences of vowels or consonant-vowel (CV) syllables. In this study, 12 listeners reported the perceived order of four vowels or CVs in repeating sequences. Stimuli ranged in duration from 75 to 300 msec in 25-msec steps. Four stimulus sequences were used (1) varying vowels (Vv), (2) CVs with varying consonants but a constant vowel (CvVc), (3) CVs with a constant consonant but varying vowels (CcVv), (4) CVs with consonants and vowels varying (CvVv). Percentage of correct identification of order was significantly higher and mean threshold duration significantly lower for the CvVv and CvVc conditions than for the Vv condition. Mean number of sequences per response was significantly smaller for the CvVv condition than for the other conditions. Threshold durations ranged from 100 msec for the CvVv sequences to 135 msec for the Vv sequences. Ordering performance was nearly perfect for stimulus durations of about 225 to 250 msec. The results support the hypothesis that as stimuli in repeating sequences more closely resemble connected speech, listeners can more easily correctly identify the order of the stimuli.

Kant’s Transcendental Idealism About Time: a Neglected Alternative

Kant-Studien ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-436
Author(s):  
Hope C. Sample
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Order ◽  
Transcendental Idealism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophy Of Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

Abstract When interpreters orient Kant’s philosophy of time in relation to McTaggart’s distinction among different ways of characterizing a temporal order, they claim that he is best described as endorsing an A series position according to which there is a metaphysically privileged present that determines the past and the future. Whether Kant might also be understood as a proponent of the B series - according to which there is no privileged present, but rather time is comprised of relations of earlier than, later than, and simultaneity - has not been discussed in the literature. I argue that, for Kant, the appearances can be described as an A series, while the phenomena are to be understood as a B series, neither of which is more fundamental than the other. Contra a common approach in the literature that neglects a metaphysical difference between appearances and phenomena, I argue Kant’s transcendental idealism about time is best understood in relation to his account of appearances and phenomena.

Assessment of Memory for Remote Events

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry R. Squire ◽  
Paul M. Chace ◽  
Pamela C. Slater
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Remote Memory ◽  
Television Programs

Two retrospective tests are described for the assessment of remote memory for past events. Both tests ask about former television programs broadcast for a single season from 1957 to 1972. One test asks about the plots of programs, and the other asks for judgments about their temporal order. The usefulness of such tests for experimental and clinical studies of memory is discussed.

A morte como conclusão

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Ana Maria De Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Order ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Process ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Other Hand

Resumo: Considerações sobre o tempo em D. Quixote, observando-se as ilhas de quase-eternidade das seqüências bucólicas e o universo de pura ocorrência da narrativa cavaleiresca.Abstract: This paper presents some considerations about time in the novel D. Quixote. It points out that a temporal order, distinct from either concrete time or eternity, prevails in the bucolic sequences; on the other hand, the pure occurrence appears as the main process in the temporal structure of the chivairic narrative.

Temporal order judgments are disrupted more by reflexive than by voluntary saccades

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (10) ◽  
pp. 2103-2108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiko Yabe ◽  
Melvyn A. Goodale ◽  
Hiroaki Shigemasu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Motor Command ◽  
The Other ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movement ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Voluntary Saccade ◽  
Delay Task ◽  
Voluntary Saccades ◽  
Temporal Order Judgments

We do not always perceive the sequence of events as they actually unfold. For example, when two events occur before a rapid eye movement (saccade), the interval between them is often perceived as shorter than it really is and the order of those events can be sometimes reversed (Morrone MC, Ross J, Burr DC. Nat Neurosci 8: 950–954, 2005). In the present article we show that these misperceptions of the temporal order of events critically depend on whether the saccade is reflexive or voluntary. In the first experiment, participants judged the temporal order of two visual stimuli that were presented one after the other just before a reflexive or voluntary saccadic eye movement. In the reflexive saccade condition, participants moved their eyes to a target that suddenly appeared. In the voluntary saccade condition, participants moved their eyes to a target that was present already. Similarly to the above-cited study, we found that the temporal order of events was often misjudged just before a reflexive saccade to a suddenly appearing target. However, when people made a voluntary saccade to a target that was already present, there was a significant reduction in the probability of misjudging the temporal order of the same events. In the second experiment, the reduction was seen in a memory-delay task. It is likely that the nature of the motor command and its origin determine how time is perceived during the moments preceding the motor act.

Response type and sex differences in a tactile temporal order judgment task with tools

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Abigail Novick ◽  
Nicola Fiddes ◽  
Eleanor Huber ◽  
Tucker Smith ◽  
Jared Medina
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Order ◽  
Temporal Order Judgment ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spatial Mapping ◽  
Response Type ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Tool Position ◽  
Tactile Temporal Order Judgment

We presented participants with a temporal order judgment (TOJ) task with vibratory stimuli presented to the ends of held tools. We manipulated whether the hands and tools were uncrossed or crossed, predicting that participants would respond more accurately if the responding body part and tool tip were in the same hemispace (see Yamamoto and Kitazawa, 2001). Participants were split into two groups (24 subjects in each group). One group responded manually with the stimulated tools, the other group responded with foot pedals. Contrasting previous findings, we found no significant effect of manipulating tool position when the hands were uncrossed, regardless of response type. Effects of response type were also observed, as participants were significantly more accurate when responding with the stimulated tools compared to responding with foot pedals. Interactions were also found between response type and sex. Compared to males, females made a substantially greater number of confusion errors when responding with feet, but not when responding with tools. Additionally, compared to males, females made substantially more confusion errors with the arms crossed, reflecting previously reported results in tactile TOJ on the hands (Cadieux et al., 2010). These results suggest potential differences in spatial mapping and tactile processing in males and females.

Consistency of Fundamental Frequency and Perturbation in Repeated Phonations of Sustained Vowels, Reading, and Connected Speech

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Fitch
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acoustic Measurement ◽  
Vowel Production ◽  
Connected Speech ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

The purpose of this study was to determine consistency of the acoustic measurement of fundamental frequency (f 0 ) and f 0 perturbation using the Visi-Pitch. Samples of speech including a reading passage, vowels, and spontaneous speech were recorded for 12 normal young adults (6 men and 6 women). The results indicated that test-retest reliability was highest for the reading passage. The measurements of fundamental frequency for reading and spontaneous speech were very similar, but vowel production was, on average, higher in frequency than the other contexts. Test-retest measures of perturbation using the Visi-Pitch did not have a high correlation coefficient. Perturbation measures must be interpreted cautiously because of the influence of frequency.

scholarly journals The posterior cerebellum and inconsistent trait implications when learning the sequence of actions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Pu ◽  
Qianying Ma ◽  
Elien Heleven ◽  
Naem Patemoshela Haihambo ◽  
Frank Van Overwalle
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time ◽  
Temporal Sequences

Abstract It has been proposed that the cerebellum contributes to social cognition. Based on the view that cerebellar internal models create predictions on motions and actions, we hypothesize that the posterior cerebellum supports identifying temporal sequences of persons’ actions as well as detecting inconsistent actions that violate the implied trait. Participants were required to memorize the temporal order of a set of sentences that implied a personality trait. Importantly, the sentence sets were designed in such a way that the first half of each set involved actions that were consistent with the same trait, while the other half was either consistent or inconsistent with that trait. As expected, we found robust posterior cerebellar activation when memorizing the order of the actions, irrespective of trait consistency, but more crucially also for actions implying an inconsistent trait in comparison to consistent trait actions. We also found that the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cerebellum were associated with confidence level in retrieving the sequences. This study supports the hypothesis that the posterior cerebellum identifies and predicts the low-level temporal order of actions and demonstrates for the first time that this area is also involved in the high-level prediction of trait implications of those actions.

scholarly journals Το σχήμα και ο αριθμός ως αναπαραστασιακά εργαλεία επίλυσης προβλημάτων χρονικών σχέσεων

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
Σταυρούλα Σαμαρτζή ◽  
Σμαράγδα Καζή
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Cognitive Level ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Complex Concept ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Opposite Order ◽  
Adequate Representation ◽  
Representation Of Time

Time is a complex concept. As such, its understanding and manipulation on a cognitive level develops slowly during childhood and adolescence. The present study examines problem-solving, reasoning and metacognitive abilities of schoolaged children on temporal-relation problems. It also examines the influence of different representationalmeans of time quantification, i.e., numerical and figural, on children’s performance. This research concerns 233 school-aged children, which were presented with seven problems. They were first asked to answer each problem. After solving the problem, half of the children were asked to represent the described temporal relations in numbers and then in figures, whereas the other half had to represent the problem in the opposite order. After each representation, children were asked to check their original answer to the problem, with the option to either maintain it or revise it. Results show that for school-aged children: (a) “initial temporal order” is a difficult concept to grasp compared to the concepts of “final order” and “duration of events”; b) the use of numbers leads to adequate representation of time and facilitates the figural one, whereas the opposite pattern was not observed; and c) up to 10 years of age, children’s meta-cognitive, and especially selfcorrection capacity, seems to be very poor.

Exceptions to the Mirror Principle and morphophonological ‘action at a distance’

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Myler
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distributed Morphology ◽  
Linear Distance ◽  
Vocabulary Insertion ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Action At A Distance ◽  
Mirror Principle

Hyman (2000, 2002) and Kiparsky (2011) have noted that Mirror-Principle-violating morpheme orders often give rise to non-local morphophonological effects. Kiparsky (2011) explicitly argues that this generalization cannot be captured in syntactic approaches to morphology, such as Distributed Morphology. This chapter shows that the generalization can be explained via the combination of two pre-existing tenets of such theories. One is the idea that Vocabulary Insertion proceeds from the most deeply embedded constituent outwards (Bobaljik 2000; Halle and Marantz 1993). The other is the proposal that violations of the Mirror Principle are to be accounted for via phrasal movement of a category containing the lexical root ‘stranding’ one or more affixes (Koopman 2005; Buell 2005; i.a.). The possibility of non-local phonological effects arises because the movements involved in deriving Mirror-Principle-violating orders lead to a disconnect between linear distance from the root and temporal order of Vocabulary Insertion.

Psychological aptitude for surgery: The importance of non-technical skills

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Ragonese ◽  
Luca Di GIanfrancesco ◽  
PierFrancesco Bassi ◽  
Emilio Sacco
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
The Other ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Surgical Performance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Behavioral Markers ◽  
And Training

Introduction: Psychological aptitude for surgery includes all the non-technical abilities that are necessary for the surgeons. However, differently from the other careers, these skills are not considered in the selection process and their role is definitively underestimated in the field of surgery. We perform a literature review of non-technical skills for surgery to identify their role and to understand how to train and evaluate these abilities among the surgeons. Results: Different methods have been presented for the evaluation and training of non-technical skills for surgeons; based on the model of aviation and anesthesia a wide range of simulated scenarios have been proposed to practice these aptitudes and abilities. Different behavioral markers systems have been developed for correct identification and definition of these skills, these can be used in the real surgical room and even learned and trained in the simulated operating theatre. Conclusion: This article shows the importance of non-practical abilities in the surgical performance and in defining the aptitude for surgery. Learning these skills and introducing them in surgical education can be useful to improve the surgical performance.

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