Maximum Interlabial Pressures in Normal Speakers

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 400-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia A. Hinton ◽  
Winston M. C. Arokiasamy
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Jaw Movement ◽  
Contractile Forces ◽  
Contact Pressures ◽  
Muscle Contractile

It has been hypothesized that typical speech movements do not involve large muscular forces and that normal speakers use less than 20% of the maximum orofacial muscle contractile forces that are available (e.g., Amerman, 1993; Barlow & Abbs, 1984; Barlow & Netsell, 1986; DePaul & Brooks, 1993). However, no direct evidence for this hypothesis has been provided. This study investigated the percentage of maximum interlabial contact pressures (force per unit area) typically used during speech production. The primary conclusion of this study is that normal speakers typically use less than 20% of the available interlabial contact pressure, whether or not the jaw contributes to bilabial closure. Production of the phone [p] at conversational rate and intensity generated an average of 10.56% of maximum available interlabial pressure (MILP) when jaw movement was not restricted and 14.62% when jaw movement was eliminated.

Analysis and Comparison of Seal Ability of Premium Tubing Connections under Axial Alternating Load

2013 ◽  
Vol 423-426 ◽  
pp. 2035-2039
Author(s):  
Long Cang Huang ◽  
Yin Ping Cao ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
Yi Hua Dou
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Gas Well ◽  
Cycle Number ◽  
Compression Load ◽  
Well Production ◽  
Maximum Contact ◽  
Contact Pressures ◽  
Better Than

In the process of oil and gas well production, tubing connection stand the axial alternating load during open well, shut well and fluid flow. In order to know premium connection seal ability under the loading, two types of P110 88.9mmx6.45mm premium tubing connections which called A connection and B connection are performed with finite element analysis, in which contact pressures and their the regularities distribution on sealing surface are analyzed. The results show that with the increasing of cycle number, the maximum contact pressures on sealing surface of both A connection and B connection are decreased. The decreasing of the maximum contact pressures on B connection is greater than those on A connection. With the increasing of cycle number of axial alternating compression load, the maximum contact pressure on sealing surface of A connection is decreased, and the maximum contact pressure on sealing surface of B connection remains constant. Compared the result, it shows that the seal ability of A connection is better than B connection under axial alternating tension load, while the seal ability of B connection is better than type A connection under axial alternating compression load.

Effect of load type on temperature rise of a disc brake

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing-rui Meng
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Ansys Software ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Load Types ◽  
Load Simulation ◽  
Contact Pressures

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reveal the temperature rise characteristics of the disc and pads under different load types. Design/methodology/approach – Evolutions of the disc and pads temperature under a stable, gradual changing and sine-wave contact pressures widely used at present are analyzed numerically by using ANSYS software. Findings – The results show that during the loading process, the temperature increases most rapidly under a stable contact pressure, most slowly under a gradual changing contact pressure; the disc temperature rise curves expose saw-shaped character, the closer it is to the friction surface, the more serious the fluctuations will be, the pads temperature rise curves are rather smooth; temperature gradient in the axial direction is higher than that in the other two directions under all of the three types of contact pressure and shows a sine-wave variation under a sine-wave contact pressure. Originality/value – It indicates that a gradual changing contact pressure should be adopted preferentially in practical application. The simulation results of this work provide theoretical basis for load simulation.

scholarly journals Lingual–Alveolar Contact Pressure During Speech in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Preliminary Findings

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 810-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Searl ◽  
Stephanie Knollhoff ◽  
Richard J. Barohn
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Perceptual Judgments ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Contact Pressures ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Purpose This preliminary study on lingual–alveolar contact pressures (LACP) in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) had several aims: (a) to evaluate whether the protocol induced fatigue, (b) to compare LACP during speech (LACP-Sp) and during maximum isometric pressing (LACP-Max) in people with ALS (PALS) versus healthy controls, (c) to compare the percentage of LACP-Max utilized during speech (%Max) for PALS versus controls, and (d) to evaluate relationships between LACP-Sp and LACP-Max with word intelligibility. Method Thirteen PALS and 12 healthy volunteers produced /t, d, s, z, l, n/ sounds while LACP-Sp was recorded. LACP-Max was obtained before and after the speech protocol. Word intelligibility was obtained from auditory–perceptual judgments. Results LACP-Max values measured before and after completion of the speech protocol did not differ. LACP-Sp and LACP-Max were statistically lower in the ALS bulbar group compared with controls and PALS with only spinal symptoms. There was no statistical difference between groups for %Max. LACP-Sp and LACP-Max were correlated with word intelligibility. Conclusions It was feasible to obtain LACP-Sp measures without inducing fatigue. Reductions in LACP-Sp and LACP-Max for bulbar speakers might reflect tongue weakness. Although confirmation of results is needed, the data indicate that individuals with high word intelligibility maintained LACP-Sp at or above 2 kPa and LACP-Max at or above 50 kPa.

Analysis of Premium Connection of Connecting and Sealing Ability Loaded by Axial Tensile Loads

2012 ◽  
Vol 268-270 ◽  
pp. 737-740
Author(s):  
Yang Yu ◽  
Yi Hua Dou ◽  
Fu Xiang Zhang ◽  
Xiang Tong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Tensile Load ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Sealing Ability ◽  
Axial Tensile ◽  
High Level ◽  
Maximum Contact ◽  
Contact Pressures ◽  
The Finite Element Model

It is necessary to know the connecting and sealing ability of premium connection for appropriate choices of different working conditions. By finite element method, the finite element model of premium connection is established and the stresses of seal section, shoulder zone and thread surface of tubing by axial tensile loads are analyzed. The results show that shoulder zone is subject to most axial stresses at made-up state, which will make distribution of stresses on thread reasonable. With the increase of axial tensile loads, stresses of thread on both ends increase and on seal section and shoulder zone slightly change. The maximum stress on some thread exceed the yield limit of material when axial tensile loads exceed 400KN. Limited axial tensile loads sharply influence the contact pressures on shoulder zone while slightly on seal section. Although the maximum contact pressure on shoulder zone drop to 0 when the axial tensile load is 600KN, the maximum contact pressure on seal section will keep on a high level.

Can the Hip Joint be Modeled Accurately Using Simplified Geometry?

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Anderson ◽  
Steve A. Maas ◽  
Benjamin J. Ellis ◽  
Jeffrey A. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Hip Joint ◽  
Spherical Geometry ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Hip Morphology ◽  
Joint Contact ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Contact Pressures ◽  
In Vitro Data

Simplified analytical approaches to estimate hip joint contact pressures using perfectly spherical geometry have been described in the literature (rigid body spring models); however, estimations based on these simulations have not corresponded well with experimental in vitro data. Recent evidence from our laboratory suggests that finite element (FE) models of the hip joint that incorporate detailed geometry for cartilage and bone can predict cartilage pressures in good agreement with experimental data [1]. However, it is unknown whether this degree of model complexity is necessary. The objective of this study was to compare cartilage contact pressure predictions from FE models with varying degrees of simplicity to elucidate which aspects of hip morphology are required to obtain accurate predictions of cartilage contact pressure. Models based on 1) subject-specific (SS) geometry, 2) spheres, and 3) rotational conchoids were analyzed.

scholarly journals Contact pressures and the impact of farm equipment on Latosol with the presence and absence of sugarcane straw

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginaldo Barboza da Silva ◽  
Piero Iori ◽  
Zigomar Menezes de Souza ◽  
Danilo de Moraes Gomes Pereira ◽  
Oswaldo Julio Vischi Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Front Axle ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Digital Measurement ◽  
Farm Equipment ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Contact Pressures

ABSTRACT High contact pressures applied to soil result in a greater degree of compaction, in addition to promoting other negative effects. The objective of this study was to quantify contact areas by using different methodologies, and pressures of farm equipment employed in production activity and evaluate structural changes caused in a Red Latosol with the presence and absence of straw cover. The design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme of type 4 (tire on front axle, tire on rear axle, tire on a sugarcane wagon and metallic track of sugar cane Harvester) x 2 (presence and absence of straw). The contact area (CA) of the run was obtained by three procedures: analytical measure of the area of an ellipse (CA1); digital measurement of area of an ellipse (CA2); and measurement of real contact area (RCA), with digital resources. The contact pressure was calculated from the ratio of mass of each machine's axle and the contact area of the run. The contact area obtained according to the procedure of the ellipse (CA1 and CA2) is overrated when compared to actual area obtained digitally (RCA). The straw reduces the contact pressure in the soil, due to the deep tire treads and consequently, increased contact area. Areas where the traffic of the machines occurred with soil covered with the presence of straw showed reduced soil resistance to penetration, cone index and pre-consolidation pressure, confirming that the increased contact area produced by straw reduced the pressure applied and the compression power dissipated in the soil.

scholarly journals Toward Development of a Vocal Fold Contact Pressure Probe: Sensor Characterization and Validation Using Synthetic Vocal Fold Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 3002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Motie-Shirazi ◽  
Matías Zañartu ◽  
Sean D. Peterson ◽  
Daryush D. Mehta ◽  
James B. Kobler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Pressure Probe ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Sensor Position ◽  
Probe Sensor ◽  
Contact Pressures

Excessive vocal fold collision pressures during phonation are considered to play a primary role in the formation of benign vocal fold lesions, such as nodules. The ability to accurately and reliably acquire intraglottal pressure has the potential to provide unique insights into the pathophysiology of phonotrauma. Difficulties arise, however, in directly measuring vocal fold contact pressures due to physical intrusion from the sensor that may disrupt the contact mechanics, as well as difficulty in determining probe/sensor position relative to the contact location. These issues are quantified and addressed through the implementation of a novel approach for identifying the timing and location of vocal fold contact, and measuring intraglottal and vocal fold contact pressures via a pressure probe embedded in the wall of a hemi-laryngeal flow facility. The accuracy and sensitivity of the pressure measurements are validated against ground truth values. Application to in vivo approaches are assessed by acquiring intraglottal and VF contact pressures using a synthetic, self-oscillating vocal fold model in a hemi-laryngeal configuration, where the sensitivity of the measured intraglottal and vocal fold contact pressure relative to the sensor position is explored.

The role of the posterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament in posteromedial rotatory instability of the elbow

2018 ◽  
Vol 100-B (8) ◽  
pp. 1060-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
J-T. Hwang ◽  
M. N. Shields ◽  
L. J. Berglund ◽  
A. W. Hooke ◽  
J. S. Fitzsimmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Lateral Collateral Ligament ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Coronoid Fracture ◽  
Rotatory Instability ◽  
Intact Group ◽  
Joint Contact ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Contact Pressures

Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate two hypotheses. First, that disruption of posterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament (PMCL) has to occur for the elbow to subluxate in cases of posteromedial rotatory instability (PMRI) and second, that ulnohumeral contact pressures increase after disruption of the PMCL. Materials and Methods Six human cadaveric elbows were prepared on a custom-designed apparatus which allowed muscle loading and passive elbow motion under gravitational varus. Joint contact pressures were measured sequentially in the intact elbow (INTACT), followed by an anteromedial subtype two coronoid fracture (COR), a lateral collateral ligament (LCL) tear (COR + LCL), and a PMCL tear (COR + LCL + PMCL). Results There was no subluxation or joint incongruity in the INTACT, COR, and COR + LCL specimens. All specimens in the COR + LCL + PMCL group subluxated under gravity-varus loads. The mean articular contact pressure of the COR + LCL group was significantly higher than those in the INTACT and the COR groups. The mean articular contact pressure of the COR + LCL + PMCL group was significantly higher than that of the INTACT group, but not higher than that of the COR + LCL group. Conclusion In the presence of an anteromedial fracture and disruption of the LCL, the posterior bundle of the MCL has to be disrupted for gross subluxation of the elbow to occur. However, elevated joint contact pressures are seen after an anteromedial fracture and LCL disruption even in the absence of such subluxation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1060–5.

Use of a Micro-Contact Model to Optimize SI Engine’s 3-Piece Oil Ring Profiles Regarding Wear and Lubrication

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Tomanik ◽  
Andre´ Ferrarese
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Bench Test ◽  
Asperity Contact ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Tangential Load ◽  
Oil Film ◽  
Operation Temperature ◽  
Contact Pressures

A computer model that addresses the wear behavior by calculating hydrodynamic and asperity contact pressures was used to optimize the running face of three-piece oil control rings. The model incorporates Reynolds equation to calculate the oil film thickness for two sliding surfaces under a given condition (profile and topography of the surfaces, load, speed, lubricant viscosity grade and operation temperature). Prediction of the resultant asperity contact pressures is made by Greenwood-Williamson model. More scraping ring rail profiles are better for oil control, but present more wear due to higher asperity contact pressures. This higher wear can lead to less scraping profile, increasing ring end gap and lower ring tangential load, which deteriorates long term oil consumption control, hence engine durability. In the present work, a relatively simple computer program was used to predict lube oil film thickness and wear for different rail running profiles. Ring wear was assumed to be proportional to the calculated asperity contact pressure. Different rail profiles where the running profiles had a flat portion varying from less than 0.10 mm to higher than 0.20 mm were simulated and then tested in a bench test consisting in an electrical motored engine. Except for the combustion absence, all other engine characteristics were preserved (e.g., stroke, piston-ring pack, lubrication system) in the bench test. The measured oil control ring wear correlated very well with the predicted one. The model allowed the numerical optimization of the running profile of ring rail, which has lower asperity contact pressure, hence wear, but still has a good scraping capability. Two actual ICE tests were also realized. The predicted lower wear of the optimized profile was experimentally confirmed and no differences on LOC were found.

scholarly journals Silage maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings emergence as influenced by soil compaction treatments and contact pressures

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No, 7) ◽  
pp. 289-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.F. Taser ◽  
O. Kara
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Contact Pressures

Soil compaction caused by mechanical force affects the vegetative and generative plant growth. Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of soil compaction treatments and soil contact pressures on bulk density, penetration resistance and silage maize emergence in a clay-loam soil. Soil compaction treatments were applied while planting as follows: Compaction on furrow surface (F-surface), compaction on furrow bottom (F-bottom), compaction on inter row (I-row), and non-extra compaction as a control (C). The soil contact pressures of 0.025, 0.051 and 0.076 MPa were applied while the control was 0.0085 MPa. Significant differences between soil compaction treatments and contact pressures were recorded in bulk density, penetration resistance and silage maize emergence. Percentage of emerged seedlings increased as the soil contact pressure was increased slightly. The lowest mean percentage of emerged seedlings (52.63%) was obtained with 0.076 MPa contact pressure in F-surface treatment and the highest mean value (81.58%) was obtained with 0.025 MPa contact pressure in F-bottom compaction treatment. The control treatment gave the 69% mean value under the non-irrigated condition.

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