Comparative screening for thyroid disorders in old age in areas of iodine deficiency, long‐term iodine prophylaxis and abundant iodine intake

1997 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
István Szabolcs ◽  
Jan Podoba ◽  
Joachim Feldkamp ◽  
Orsolya Dohán ◽  
Ildikó Farkas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis

scholarly journals Evaluation of the effectiveness of long-term prevention of iodine deficiency by biological monitoring

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
A. V. Dreval ◽  
O. A. Nechaev ◽  
T. S. Kamynin ◽  
G. A. Gerasimov ◽  
N. Yu. Sviridenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Monitoring ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Lower Incidence ◽  
Who Classification ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Combination Of Methods

Regular (for 5 years) addition of salt iodinated with potassium iodinate to diets of children living in a region with moderate iodine deficiency normalized iodine content in the organism, decreased the incidence of goiter from 22.6 to 7.3% (according to ultrasonic data), and prevented an increase in the incidence of goiter during the prepubertal period. Evaluation of the size of goiter in screening examinations by palpation using О. V. Nikolaev’s classification leads to hyperdiagnosis (67%>), while palpation in combination with WHO classification results in hypodiagnosis of goiter (47%). Palpation of the thyroid with WHO classification is recommended as the main screening method; such a combination of methods results in a lower incidence of erroneous diagnoses (22%) than with Nikolaev's classification (56%). The level of serum TTH did not depend on iodine prophylaxis and was normal.

scholarly journals Iodine Status in Schoolchildren and Pregnant Women of Lazio, a Central Region of Italy

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baldini ◽  
Virili ◽  
D’Armiento ◽  
Centanni ◽  
Ulisse
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys

The inhabitants of Lazio, similarly to those of other Italian regions, have been historically exposed to the detrimental effects of an inadequate intake of iodine. The latter is a micronutrient essential for the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (TH). Iodine deficiency is responsible for a number of adverse effects on human health known as iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), the most common of which worldwide are goiter and hypothyroidism. In order to reduce IDD, a national salt iodination program was started in Italy in 2005. In this article we reviewed the available data regarding iodine intake in the Lazio population before and after the introduction of the national salt iodination program, in order to evaluate its efficacy and the eventual problem(s) limiting its success. On the whole, the information acquired indicates that, following the introduction of the program, the dietary iodine intake in the Lazio population is improved. There is, however, still much work ahead to ameliorate the iodine prophylaxis in this region. In fact, although a generally adequate iodine intake in school-age children has been observed, there are still areas where a mild iodine insufficiency is present. Moreover, two independent epidemiological surveys on pregnant women evidenced a low urinary iodine concentration with respect to the reference range conceived by the World Health Organization. These findings demonstrate the need for greater attention to the iodine prophylaxis by health care providers (i.e., obstetricians, gynecologists, pediatricians, etc.), and the implementation of effective advertising campaigns aimed at increasing the knowledge and awareness of the favorable effects of iodine supplementation on population health.

Epidemiology of thyroid disease and swelling

2011 ◽  
pp. 358-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P. J. Vanderpump
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Salt Iodization

Thyroid disorders are among the most prevalent of medical conditions. Their manifestations vary considerably from area to area and are determined principally by the availability of iodine in the diet. The limitations of epidemiological studies of thyroid disorders should therefore be borne in mind when considering the purported frequency of thyroid diseases in different communities (1). Almost one-third of the world’s population live in areas of iodine deficiency and risk the consequences despite major national and international efforts to increase iodine intake, primarily through the voluntary or mandatory iodization of salt (2). The ideal dietary allowance of iodine recommended by the WHO is 150 μ‎g iodine/day, which increases to 250 μ‎g in pregnancy and 290 μ‎g when lactating. The WHO estimates that two billion people, including 285 million school-age children still have iodine deficiency, defined as a urinary iodine excretion of less than 100 μ‎g/l. This has substantial effects on growth and development and is the most common cause of preventable mental impairment worldwide. In areas where the daily iodine intake is below 50 μ‎g, goitre is usually endemic, and when the daily intake falls below 25 μ‎g, congenital hypothyroidism is seen. The prevalence of goitre in areas of severe iodine deficiency can be as high as 80%. Iodization programmes are of proven value in reducing goitre size and in preventing goitre development and cretinism in children. Goitrogens in the diet, such as thiocyanate in incompletely cooked cassava or thioglucosides in Brassica vegetables, can explain some of the differences in prevalence of endemic goitre in areas with similar degrees of iodine deficiency. Autonomy can develop in nodular goitres leading occasionally to hyperthyroidism, and iodization programmes can also induce hyperthyroidism, especially in those aged over 40 years with nodular goitres. Autoimmune thyroiditis or hypothyroidism has not been reported to complicate salt iodization programmes. Relatively little prevalence data exist for autoimmune thyroid disease in areas of iodine deficiency (3). In iodine-replete areas, most people with thyroid disorders have autoimmune disease, ranging through primary atrophic hypothyroidism, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, to hyperthyroidism caused by Graves’ disease. Cross-sectional studies in Europe, the USA, and Japan have determined the prevalence of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and the frequency and distribution of thyroid autoantibodies in different, mainly white, communities (1, 4–6). Recent US data have revealed differences in the frequency of thyroid dysfunction and serum antithyroid antibody concentrations in different ethnic groups (6), whereas studies from Europe have revealed the influence of dietary iodine intake on the epidemiology of thyroid dysfunction (7). Studies of incidence of autoimmune thyroid disease have only been conducted in a small number of developed countries (8–11). Following a review of the available epidemiological data, the value of screening adult populations for autoimmune thyroid disease will be considered.

scholarly journals Relevance of iodine intake as a reputed predisposing factor for thyroid cancer

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meyer Knobel ◽  
Geraldo Medeiros-Neto
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Cell ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Iodine Excess

Iodine is a trace element that is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Both chronic iodine deficiency and iodine excess have been associated with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of follicular cells, attributed to excessive secretion of TSH. This may be associated to thyroid cancer risk, particularly in women. Experimental studies have documented thyroid cancer induction by elevation of endogenous TSH, although in a small number of animals. Iodine deficiency associated with carcinogenic agents and chemical mutagens will result in a higher incidence of thyroid malignancy. Inadequate low iodine intake will result in increased TSH stimulation, increased thyroid cell responsiveness to TSH, increased thyroid cell EGF-induced proliferation, decreased TGFbeta 1 production and increased angiogenesis, all phenomena related to promotion of tumor growth. Epidemiological studies associating iodine intake and thyroid cancer led to controversial and conflicting results. There is no doubt that introduction of universal iodine prophylaxis in population previously in chronic iodine-deficiency leads to a changing pattern of more prevalent papillary thyroid cancer and declining of follicular thyroid cancer. Also anaplastic thyroid cancer is practically not seen after years of iodine supplementation. Iodine excess has also been indicated as a possible nutritional factor in the prevalence of differentiated thyroid cancer in Iceland, Hawaii and, more recently, in China. In conclusion: available evidence from animal experiments, epidemiological studies and iodine prophylaxis has demonstrated a shift towards a rise in papillary carcinoma, but no clear relationship between overall thyroid cancer incidence and iodine intake.

scholarly journals Increased prevalence of hyperthyroidism as an early and transient side-effect of implementing iodine prophylaxis

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 799-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Gołkowski ◽  
Monika Buziak-Bereza ◽  
Małgorzata Trofimiuk ◽  
Agata Bałdys-Waligórska ◽  
Zbigniew Szybiński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Sudden Rise ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Thyroid Microsomal Antibodies

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of hyperthyroidism just after implementation of iodine prophylaxis among adults from an area with iodine deficiency.Study design and subjectsA total of 1648 adults (age 16 years and older) were sampled from an area of southern Poland during two nationwide epidemiological surveys. Of these, 1424 adults with negative medical history for thyroid disorders qualified for final analysis. The authors compared thyroid dysfunction in participants prior to (1989–1990) and after implementation of iodine prophylaxis (1997–1999).SettingThe southern part of Poland.ResultsWe found an increase in the serum concentration of anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies from 4.9% in the years 1989–1990 to 12.1% after introduction of iodised household salt (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of hyperthyroidism (defined as thyroid-stimulating hormone < 0.4 μU ml− 1) significantly increased in the equivalent period from 4.8 to 6.5% (P = 0.009).ConclusionsWe concluded that a sudden rise in iodine intake after implementation of iodine prophylaxis among adults from the area with iodine deficiency may lead to an increase in thyroid autoimmunity and prevalence of hyperthyroidism. Those possible early side-effects appear to be only temporary and are acceptable when compared with the evident benefits of adequate iodine intake.

Iodine Deficiency in Azerbaijan After the Discontinuation of an Iodine Prophylaxis Program: Reassessment of Iodine Intake and Goiter Prevalence in Schoolchildren

Thyroid ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1141-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kostas B. Markou ◽  
Neoklis A. Georgopoulos ◽  
Maria Makri ◽  
Eleni Anastasiou ◽  
Barbara Vlasopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Goiter Prevalence

scholarly journals Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis in Calabria, a Region of Southern Italy: Past and Present

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giordano ◽  
Barone ◽  
Marsico ◽  
Bruno ◽  
Bonofiglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Italian Law ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys

Iodine, a micronutrient that plays a pivotal role in thyroid hormone synthesis, is essential for proper health at all life stages. Indeed, an insufficient iodine intake may determine a thyroid dysfunction also with goiter, or it may be associated to clinical features such as stunted growth and mental retardation, referred as iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). Iodine deficiency still remains an important public health problem in many countries, including Italy. The effective strategy for the prevention and control of IDDs is universal salt iodization, which was implemented in Italy in 2005 as a nationwide program adopted after the approval of an Italian law. Despite an improvement in the iodine intake, many regions in Italy are still characterized by mild iodine deficiency. In this review, we provide an overview of the historical evolution of the iodine status in the Calabria region, located in the South of Italy, during the past three decades. In particular, we have retraced an itinerary from the first epidemiological surveys at the end of the 1980s to the establishment of the Regional Observatory of Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis, which represents an efficient model for the surveillance of IDDs and monitoring the efficacy of iodine prophylaxis.

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency disorders in Europe

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (2b) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Vitti ◽  
Teresa Rago ◽  
Fabrizio Aghini-Lombardi ◽  
Aldo Pinchera
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Beneficial Impact ◽  
Iodine Excretion

AbstractIodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are related to the degree of iodine deficiency. In european countries, characterized by mild to moderate iodine deficiency, neurological deficits or minor neuropsychological impairments have been described. Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) ranged from 30 to 170 mcg/L, 141 millions of people were at risk of IDD, 97 millions were affected by goiter and 0.9 millions had an impaired mental development.Iodine prophylaxis is devoid of adverse reactions with the exception of sporadic cases of transitory hyperthyroidism, associated to the severity of iodine deficiency before the prophylaxis. The International Council for Control of IDD recommends an universal iodine prophylaxis, instituted gradually in severe iodine deficient countries. The total cost of universal iodine prophylaxis is very cheap compared to the social cost of goiter and cretinism.In conclusion, most european countries are still characterized by mild to moderate iodine deficiency. Iodine prophylaxis programs are already operating, its cost is irrelevant with respect to the undebatable beneficial impact on the health. Adverse effects are not observed except in severe iodine deficient areas where iodine intake was abruptly increased.

scholarly journals Iodoprophylaxis and thyroid autoimmunity: an update

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Teti ◽  
Marta Panciroli ◽  
Elena Nazzari ◽  
Giampaola Pesce ◽  
Stefano Mariotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Thyroid Antibodies ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Iodine Excess

AbstractAdequate iodine intake is necessary for normal thyroid function. Iodine deficiency is associated with serious complications, but also iodine excess can lead to thyroid dysfunction, and iodine supplementation aimed to prevent iodine deficiency disorders has been associated with development of thyroid autoimmunity. The epidemiology of thyroid diseases has undergone profound changes since the implementation of iodoprophylaxis, notably by means of iodine-enriched salt, specifically resulting in decreased prevalence of goiter and neonatal hypothyroidism, improved cognitive function development in infancy, and reduced incidence of more aggressive forms of thyroid cancer. The main question we address with this review is the clinical relevance of the possible effect on autoimmunity exerted by the use of iodine-enriched salt to correct iodine deficiency. In animal models, exogenous iodine is able to trigger or exacerbate thyroid autoimmunity, but it is still not clear whether the observed immunological changes are due to a direct effect of iodine on immune response, or whether they represent a secondary response to a toxic effect of iodine on thyroid tissue. Previous iodine status of a population seems to influence the functional thyroid response to increased iodine intake and possibly the development of thyroid autoimmunity. Moreover, the prevalence of thyroid antibodies, regarded as hallmark of autoimmune thyroid disease, varies between populations under the influence of genetic and environmental factors, and the presence of thyroid antibodies does not always coincide with the presence of thyroid disease or its future development. In addition, the incidence of autoimmune diseases shows a general increasing trend in the last decades. For all these reasons, available data are quite heterogeneous and difficult to analyze and compare. In conclusion, available data from long-term population surveys show that a higher than adequate population iodine intake due to a poorly controlled program of iodine prophylaxis could induce thyroid dysfunction, including thyroid autoimmunity mostly represented by euthyroid or subclinical hypothyroid autoimmune thyroiditis. Close monitoring iodine prophylaxis is therefore advised to ensure that effects of both iodine deficiency and iodine excess are avoided.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENYEBAB GAKY DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN STATUS GIZI ANAK SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 36 SINGGALANG TANAH DATAR

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
RAHMITA YANTI
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorder ◽  
P Value

The main nutritional problems facing the Indonesian government one of Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). West Sumatra province found the prevalence of enlarged adenoids school children is still high which ranges from 12% -44,1% and Total Goiter Rate also high in the coastal region. This study aims to determine the factors cause iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) and relationship to nutritional status of primary school children 36 Singgalang Tanah Datar.This type of research is Case Control. The study population are the all of primary school children 36 Singgalang Tanah Datar, aged 9-12 years who suffered goiter examined palpation. The sample consisted of 30 cases and 30 controls. Sampling was done by purposive sampling technique. Data were processed using univariate, bivariate with chisquare test.The research results revealed there is relationship IDD to nutritional status of primary school children 36 Singgalang Tanah Datar (p = 0,034 (95% CI: 1,2 to 11,4)), an related of iodine intake (p = 0,016 (95% CI: 1,5 -14,4)), goitrogenik intake (p = 0,039 (95% CI: 1,2-9,9)), the quality of salt (p = 0,038 (95% CI: 1,2 to 10,2)), socioeconomic status (p = 0,02 (95% CI: 1,4-11,8), and the level of parents knowledge (p = 0,039 (95% CI: 1,2 to 9,9)) with iodine deficiency disorder. While variable which is not related to iodine deficiency disorder is the parents education level p = 0,77 (p value> 0,05)This study concluded that there is relationship IDD to nutritional status and there are relationship iodine intake, goitrogenik, salt quality, socioeconomic status, and level of knowledge of parent with iodine deficiency disorder. Need for nutrition counseling conducted by the health promotion officers regularly about the importance of the use of iodized salt for children's growth and nutrition education in the family menu processing so as to improve the nutritional status of children at the household levelKeywords : Iodine deficiency disorder, nutritional status, school children

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