A Clinical Validation of the Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Jorgensen ◽  
David Castle ◽  
Clare Roberts ◽  
Gary Groth-Marnat
Keyword(s):  
Social Phobia ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
The Body ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Valid Instrument ◽  
Relationship Of

Objective: The current study addressed the concept of dysmorphic concern as a symptom that may exist in a number of disorders. The aims of the study were to: (i) validate a recently developed questionnaire that measures dysmorphic concern, the Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ); and (ii) evaluate the relationship of dysmorphic concern to depressed mood, social phobia, and obsessive–compulsive symptomatology. Method: Sixty-five psychiatric inpatients were diagnosed using the computerized version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-A). They then completed the DCQ, and questionnaires measuring body dysmorphic disorder (the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination, or BDDE), depression, social phobia, and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). The factor structure and convergent validity of the DCQ were determined, and associations with mood and anxiety symptoms explored. Results: The DCQ was found to be a reliable and valid instrument that is sensitive to dysmorphic concern. Furthermore, although dysmorphic concern was associated with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), depression, social phobia and OCD, only the score from the BDDE predicted DCQ score in a multiple regression analysis. Finally, BDD symptomatology was best defined by the presence of negative body beliefs as measured by the DCQ. Conclusions: Negative body beliefs are the hallmark of BDD. However, the existence of dysmorphic concern does not necessarily imply a diagnosis of BDD. The DCQ is a quick and efficient means of identifying dysmorphic concern in those who present with depression, OCD, social phobia or BDD.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison of clinical features

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 292-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Frare ◽  
Giulio Perugi ◽  
Giuseppe Ruffolo ◽  
Cristina Toni
Keyword(s):  
Social Phobia ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Somatoform Disorder ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
The Body ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is currently classified as a somatoform disorder in DSM-IV, but has been long noted to have some important similarities with obsessive—compulsive disorder (OCD). In addition, BDD and OCD have been often reported to be comorbid with each other. In the present study, we compared demographic characteristics, clinical features and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with OCD, BDD or comorbid BDD—OCD (34 subjects with BDD, 79 with OCD and 24 with BDD—OCD). We also compared the pattern of body dysmorphic concerns and associated behaviors in BDD patients with or without OCD comorbidity. In our sample, BDD and OCD groups showed similar sex ratio. Both groups with BDD and BDD—OCD were significantly younger, and experienced the onset of their disorder at a significantly younger age than subjects with OCD. The two BDD groups were also less likely to be married, and more likely to be unemployed and to have achieved lower level degree, than OCD subjects even when controlling for age. The three groups were significantly different in the presence of comorbid bulimia, alcohol-related and substance-use disorders, BDD—OCD patients showing the highest rate and OCD the lowest. BDD—OCD reported more comorbid bipolar II disorder and social phobia than in the other two groups, while generalized anxiety disorder was observed more frequently in OCD patients. Patients with BDD and BDD—OCD were similar as regards the presence of repetitive BDD-related behaviors, such as mirror-checking or camouflaging. Both groups also did show a similar pattern of distribution as regards the localization of the supposed physical defects in specific areas of the body. The only significant difference concerned the localization in the face, that was more frequent in the BDD group. Our results do not contradict the proposed possible conceptualization of BDD as an OCD spectrum disorder. However, BDD does not appear to be a simple clinical variant of OCD and it seems to be also related to social phobia, mood, eating and impulse control disorders. The co-presence of BDD and OCD features appears to possibly individuate a particularly severe form of the syndrome, with a greater load of psychopathology and functional impairment and a more frequent occurrence of other comorbid mental disorders.

scholarly journals Experiences of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 2009-2023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Knapton
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Qualitative Thematic Analysis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health problem characterized by persistent obsessions and compulsions. This article provides insights into experiences of OCD through a qualitative, thematic analysis performed on a set of interviews with people with OCD. Four themes were found as central in the participants’ descriptions of OCD episodes: (a) space, (b) the body, (c) objects, and (d) interactions. The findings also show that episodes of OCD can be grouped into three broad categories: (a) activity episodes, which revolve around everyday tasks; (b) state episodes, which are concerned with the self and identity; and (c) object episodes, which are concerned with the effects of objects on the self. The relationship of this three-way classification of OCD episodes to existing cognitive models of OCD is discussed. The study also demonstrates the value of categorizing episodes, rather than people, into subtypes of OCD so that intra-participant variation can be highlighted.

Procedural validity of the computerized version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-Auto) in the anxiety disorders

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1269-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna Peters ◽  
Gavin Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Major Depressive Episode ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Lower Range ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Level Of Agreement

SynopsisThe procedural validity of the computerized version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-Auto) was examined against the consensus diagnoses of two clinicians for six anxiety disorders (agoraphobia, panic disorder (±agoraphobia), social phobia, simple phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive episode (MDE)). Clinicians had available to them all data obtained over a 2- to 10-month period. Subjects were 98 patients accepted for treatment at an Anxiety Disorders Clinic, thus, all subjects had at least one of the diagnoses being examined. While the CIDI-Auto detected 88·2% of the clinician diagnoses, it identified twice as many diagnoses as did the clinicians. The sensitivity of the CIDI-Auto was above 0·85 except for GAD, which had a sensitivity of 0·29. The specificity of the CIDI-Auto was lower (range: 0·47–0·99). The agreement between the CIDI-Auto and the clinician diagnoses, as measured by intraclass kappas, ranged from poor (k = 0·02; GAD) to excellent (k = 0·81; OCD), with a fair level of agreement overall (k = 0·40). Canonical correlation analysis suggested that the discrepancies between the CIDI-Auto and clinicians were not due to different diagnostic distinctions being made. It is suggested that the CIDI-Auto may have a lower threshold for diagnosing anxiety disorders than do experienced clinicians. It is concluded that, in a sample where all subjects have at least one anxiety disorder diagnosis, the CIDI-Auto has acceptable validity.

Computerized Perceptual Analysis of Patients with Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Pilot Study

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 444-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Yaryura-Tobias ◽  
Fugen Neziroglu ◽  
Robert Chang ◽  
Sean Lee ◽  
Anthony Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Body Perception ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACTMany factors influence the development of body image, one of which is the perception we have of our body. Perception can refer to actual visual input or the interpretation of vision; in other words, cognitive appraisal. The goal of this preliminary study is to determine if three groups (body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and a non-psychiatric control group) differed in the perception of their faces. Thirty individuals, 10 in each group, were asked to make changes to a computerized image of their face. In addition, affective and perceptual tests were administered. The groups did not differ on affective and perceptual organizational measures, although the obsessive-compulsive disorder group reported a higher level of anxiety than the body dysmorphic disorder group. Imaging software showed that facial features were modified by patients with body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in about 50% of cases. No modifications were made in the control group. Future studies need to investigate the possible causes of these differences.

scholarly journals Body Dysmorphic Disorder Insights in an Inpatient Psychiatric Setting

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Zachary A. Koenig ◽  
Sarah Callaham ◽  
Brittany Waltz ◽  
Julie Bosley ◽  
Raja Mogallapu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
The Body ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Setting ◽  
Significant Impairment

Body dysmorphic disorder is a chronic disorder involving imagined or partial appearance defects that lead to significant impairment in everyday life. It is quite prevalent but remains a clinically underdiagnosed psychiatric condition especially in the inpatient psychiatric setting. Onset of body dysmorphic disorder typically begins in adolescence with subclinical symptoms. Over time, symptoms progress to patients meeting the full Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria. Severe cases of the body dysmorphic disorder are often camouflaged by concurrent diseases like major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance use disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Further, compounding the complexity of body dysmorphic disorder is a treatment of patients who present with coinciding suicidal ideations. Here, we present a unique case of a 40-year-old female admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit for treatment of ongoing depression and suicidal symptoms. Early on in her inpatient course, she had symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and alcohol use disorder. The constellation of symptoms prompted evaluation for body dysmorphic disorder and subsequent targeted treatment. This case report highlights the complexities associated with diagnosing body dysmorphic disorder, the importance of considering it a branch point for other psychiatric conditions, and the treatment for patients who present with coinciding suicidal behavior.

scholarly journals Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Singapore: Prevalence, Comorbidity, Quality of Life and Social Support

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mythily Subramaniam ◽  
Edimansyah Abdin ◽  
Janhavi Vaingankar ◽  
Saleha Shafie ◽  
Sherilyn Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Perceived Social Support ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Physical Conditions

Introduction: Using data from Singapore Mental Health Study 2016 (SMHS 2016), we examined the prevalence of lifetime and 12-month obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),its sociodemographics correlates and association with comorbid psychiatric disorders and physical conditions, perceived social support and quality of life. Materials and Methods: The World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (version 3.0) was administered by trained interviewers to 6126 residents aged ≥18 years old to assess OCD prevalence and that of other select psychiatric disorders. Details on sociodemographics, perceived social support and health-related quality of life were obtained. Results: Lifetimeand 12-month prevalence of OCD was 3.6% and 2.9%, respectively. Adjusted regression analysis showed that those with OCD had significantly higher odds of major depressive disorder (odds ratio [OR], 5.4), bipolar disorder (OR, 8.9), generalised anxiety disorder (OR, 7.3) and alcohol abuse (OR, 2.7). OCD was significantly associated with suicidal ideation and suicidality (OR, 5.1). OCD subjects also had higher odds of chronic pain (OR, 2.4) and diabetes (OR, 3.1). Finally, OCD subjects had lower mean mental composite summary scores than controls (respondents without any of the psychiatric disorders and physical conditions included in SMHS 2016) and those with other lifetime psychiatric disorders and physical conditions. Conclusion: OCD prevalence in Singapore is high. Most people with OCD do not seek treatment despite experiencing significant comorbidity and loss of quality of life. Key words: Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Epidemiology, Multi-ethnic, Psychiatric disorder, Survey

The Relationship of Body Dysmorphic Disorder to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and the Concept of the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Simberlund ◽  
Eric Hollander
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Compulsive Behaviors ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter describes the relationship of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the concept of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum. BDD is proposed to be part of an obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders, given its many similarities to OCD. OCD and BDD are both characterized by obsessions and compulsions, although in BDD individuals focus specifically on body image concerns, whereas in OCD they typically focus on concerns such as contamination, harm, and aggression. Distress that results from obsessions usually generates compulsive behaviors intended to reduce emotional discomfort. Individuals with BDD are more likely to have delusional beliefs and significantly poorer insight. Individuals with BDD report higher rates of major depressive disorder, substance use disorders, suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempts. OCD and BDD demonstrate familiality, indicating that they are likely related conditions. OCD and BDD are thought to be heterogeneous disorders that result from both genetic and environmental factors, some of which appear to be shared; for example, they appear to share some abnormalities involving the basal ganglia and limbic system (specifically the caudate nucleus).

Subthreshold symptoms and obsessive–compulsive disorder: evaluating the diagnostic threshold

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 989-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. de Bruijn ◽  
S. Beun ◽  
R. de Graaf ◽  
M. ten Have ◽  
D. Denys
Keyword(s):  
Functional Status ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Threshold ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
General Dutch Population ◽  
Psychological Vulnerability

BackgroundIn this study we compared subjects with obsessive and/or compulsive symptoms who did not meet all criteria for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) (subthreshold subjects) to subjects with full-blown OCD and also to subjects without obsessions or compulsions.MethodThe data were derived from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), a large representative sample of the general Dutch population (n=7076). Using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Version 1.1 (CIDI 1.1), three groups were distinguished: subjects without lifetime obsessions or compulsions (94.2%), subthreshold subjects (4.9%) and subjects with full-blown OCD according to DSM-III-R (0.9%). These three groups were compared on various items, including psychological vulnerability, health and functional status, psychiatric co-morbidity and seeking treatment.ResultsSubthreshold and OCD subjects had similar scores on the majority of the items measured. Thus, there was little difference between subthreshold and OCD subjects in health, functional status, psychological vulnerability and psychiatric co-morbidity. However, OCD and subthreshold subjects scored worse on most of these items when compared to the controls without obsessions or compulsions.ConclusionHaving obsessions and compulsions is associated with substantial suffering and disability. Most subjects with obsessions and/or compulsions are not diagnosed with OCD according to the DSM-III-R criteria although these subjects generally display similar consequences to full-blown OCD subjects. We recommend that these subthreshold cases receive special attention in the development of DSM-V.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Meta-Worry and Intolerance of Uncertainty With Pathological Worry, Anxiety, and Depression

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigar G. Khawaja ◽  
Janette McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Intolerance Of Uncertainty ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Pathological Worry ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractThis study explored how meta-worry and intolerance of uncertainty relate to pathological worry, generalised anxiety, obsessive–compulsive disorder, social phobia, and depression. University students (n = 253)completed a questionnaire battery. A series of regression analyses were conducted. The results indicated that meta-worry was associated with GAD, social phobia, obsessive–compulsive, and depressive symptoms. Intolerance of uncertainty was related to GAD, social phobia, and obsessive–compulsive symptoms, but not depressive symptoms. The importance of meta-worry and intolerance of uncertainty as predictors of pathological worry, GAD, social phobia, obsessive–compulsive and depressive symptoms was also examined. Even though both factors significantly predicted the aforementioned symptoms, meta-worry emerged as a stronger predictor of GAD and obsessive compulsive symptoms than did intolerance of uncertainty. Intolerance of uncertainty, compared with meta-worry, appeared as a stronger predictor of social phobia symptoms. Findings emphasise the importance of addressing meta-worry and/or intolerance of uncertainty not only for the assessment and treatment of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), but also obsessive–compulsive disorder, social phobia, and depression.

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