Computerized Perceptual Analysis of Patients with Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACTMany factors influence the development of body image, one of which is the perception we have of our body. Perception can refer to actual visual input or the interpretation of vision; in other words, cognitive appraisal. The goal of this preliminary study is to determine if three groups (body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and a non-psychiatric control group) differed in the perception of their faces. Thirty individuals, 10 in each group, were asked to make changes to a computerized image of their face. In addition, affective and perceptual tests were administered. The groups did not differ on affective and perceptual organizational measures, although the obsessive-compulsive disorder group reported a higher level of anxiety than the body dysmorphic disorder group. Imaging software showed that facial features were modified by patients with body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in about 50% of cases. No modifications were made in the control group. Future studies need to investigate the possible causes of these differences.

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The prevalence of autism spectrum traits and autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder: a systematic review

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjo.2021.194 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (S1) ◽

pp. S56-S56

Author(s):

Claire Tiley ◽

Marinos Kyriakopoulos

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Functional Impairment ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Control Group ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Global Functioning ◽

Compulsive Disorder

AimsAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) commonly co-occur in children and adolescents (C&A); evidence suggests functional impairment is increased in those diagnosed with both disorders. The aims of this systematic review were: 1) To review studies that report on the prevalence of ASD traits and/or diagnosis in C&A with OCD. 2) To review whether the severity of OCD symptoms is related to the severity of ASD traits in C&A with OCD. 3)To review whether the severity of comorbid ASD traits or diagnosis in C&A with OCD impact on their global functioning.MethodThis systematic review was registered in PROSPERO. Prisma guidelines were followed . Electronic searches were carried out on Pubmed, EMBASE and Psychinfo with the use of selected keywords. Inclusion criteria : 1) Participants up to the age of 18 who had an ICD or DSM diagnosis of OCD. 2) Journal articles published in the English, with no date specifications. 3) Papers evaluating ASD diagnosis or traits, or where data on this could be extracted. Exclusion criteria: 1) Papers looking at OCD related disorders such as body dysmorphic disorder, compulsive skin picking, trichotillomania and hoarding disorder. 2) Samples including adults where C&A data could not be extracted. 3) Posters, abstracts and dissertations.ResultA total of 15 studies were included in the systematic review. Seven of these studies directly compared the prevalence of ASD traits (measured by questionnaires) or diagnosis in OCD to a control group or normative data, with all studies reporting a significant elevation in ASD trait scores and diagnosis in OCD. Ten of the studies reported on the correlation between ASD trait severity and OCD severity. Four studies identified a significant correlation between ASD and OCD total scores or specified subscales. In contrast, one study found significantly elevated OCD scores in an OCD only group when compared to a comorbid OCD and ASD group. Three studies reported on the correlation between ASD scores and functional impairment or compared an OCD only group to a comorbid group. All three studies demonstrated that the presence ASD or ASD traits are associated with elevated scores in global functional impairment.ConclusionIn conclusion, this review suggests that there is an increased prevalence of ASD traits and diagnosis amongst C&A with OCD. Elevated ASD traits within this population are associated with a greater impact on global functioning.

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Obsessive–compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison of clinical features

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.04.014 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 292-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Franco Frare ◽

Giulio Perugi ◽

Giuseppe Ruffolo ◽

Cristina Toni

Keyword(s):

Social Phobia ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

Somatoform Disorder ◽

Severe Form ◽

The Body ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Significant Difference

AbstractBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is currently classified as a somatoform disorder in DSM-IV, but has been long noted to have some important similarities with obsessive—compulsive disorder (OCD). In addition, BDD and OCD have been often reported to be comorbid with each other. In the present study, we compared demographic characteristics, clinical features and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with OCD, BDD or comorbid BDD—OCD (34 subjects with BDD, 79 with OCD and 24 with BDD—OCD). We also compared the pattern of body dysmorphic concerns and associated behaviors in BDD patients with or without OCD comorbidity. In our sample, BDD and OCD groups showed similar sex ratio. Both groups with BDD and BDD—OCD were significantly younger, and experienced the onset of their disorder at a significantly younger age than subjects with OCD. The two BDD groups were also less likely to be married, and more likely to be unemployed and to have achieved lower level degree, than OCD subjects even when controlling for age. The three groups were significantly different in the presence of comorbid bulimia, alcohol-related and substance-use disorders, BDD—OCD patients showing the highest rate and OCD the lowest. BDD—OCD reported more comorbid bipolar II disorder and social phobia than in the other two groups, while generalized anxiety disorder was observed more frequently in OCD patients. Patients with BDD and BDD—OCD were similar as regards the presence of repetitive BDD-related behaviors, such as mirror-checking or camouflaging. Both groups also did show a similar pattern of distribution as regards the localization of the supposed physical defects in specific areas of the body. The only significant difference concerned the localization in the face, that was more frequent in the BDD group. Our results do not contradict the proposed possible conceptualization of BDD as an OCD spectrum disorder. However, BDD does not appear to be a simple clinical variant of OCD and it seems to be also related to social phobia, mood, eating and impulse control disorders. The co-presence of BDD and OCD features appears to possibly individuate a particularly severe form of the syndrome, with a greater load of psychopathology and functional impairment and a more frequent occurrence of other comorbid mental disorders.

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder Insights in an Inpatient Psychiatric Setting

Case Reports in Psychiatry ◽

10.1155/2021/6636124 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Zachary A. Koenig ◽

Sarah Callaham ◽

Brittany Waltz ◽

Julie Bosley ◽

Raja Mogallapu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Social Anxiety Disorder ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

The Body ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Psychiatric Setting ◽

Significant Impairment

Body dysmorphic disorder is a chronic disorder involving imagined or partial appearance defects that lead to significant impairment in everyday life. It is quite prevalent but remains a clinically underdiagnosed psychiatric condition especially in the inpatient psychiatric setting. Onset of body dysmorphic disorder typically begins in adolescence with subclinical symptoms. Over time, symptoms progress to patients meeting the full Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria. Severe cases of the body dysmorphic disorder are often camouflaged by concurrent diseases like major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance use disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Further, compounding the complexity of body dysmorphic disorder is a treatment of patients who present with coinciding suicidal ideations. Here, we present a unique case of a 40-year-old female admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit for treatment of ongoing depression and suicidal symptoms. Early on in her inpatient course, she had symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and alcohol use disorder. The constellation of symptoms prompted evaluation for body dysmorphic disorder and subsequent targeted treatment. This case report highlights the complexities associated with diagnosing body dysmorphic disorder, the importance of considering it a branch point for other psychiatric conditions, and the treatment for patients who present with coinciding suicidal behavior.

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Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Its Association with Other Mental Comorbidities Among a Group of College Students in Shiraz

Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.5812/zjrms.95247 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Abdulaziz Aflakseir ◽

Somayeh Jamali ◽

Javad Mollazadeh

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Eating Disorders ◽

Social Anxiety ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

The Body ◽

Eating Attitude ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Reassurance Seeking ◽

Compulsive Disorder

Background: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a relatively common and often severe psychiatric disorder. This disorder is a highly distressing disorder associated with poor quality of life. In addition, it is characterized by persistent and intrusive preoccupation with perceived defects or flaws in one’s physical appearance accompanied by repetitive behaviors such as mirror checking, excessive grooming, and reassurance seeking. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of BDD symptoms and body dissatisfaction among college students. Furthermore, the current study examined students’ checking behaviors and the parts of the body that they were most concerned about. This research also sought to examine the comorbidities associated with BDD symptoms, such as eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and social anxiety. Methods: A total of 750 college students were recruited from different schools of the Shiraz University, including Social Science, Engineering, Art, Education and Psychology, and Science and Art, using the cluster sampling method. Two classes were randomly selected in each school, and those who were volunteers took part in this study. Participants completed several questionnaires, including the Body Dysmorphic Disorder questionnaire, Beck Depression inventory, Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder scale, Social Phobia inventory, and Eating Attitude test. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage were used. Results: The results of this study showed that about 77% of college students were dissatisfied with at least one part of their bodies. The findings also revealed that the prevalence of BDD symptoms among college students was 4.5%. Furthermore, our results indicated that college students were mostly concerned about the appearance of their skin followed by hair, nose, weight, stomach, height, teeth, breast, and other parts of the body. In terms of checking behaviors, checking in front of a mirror, reassurance seeking, seeking treatment, and comparing themselves with others were the most common behaviors. The most prevalent comorbidity associated with BDD symptoms was obsessive compulsive disorder followed by social anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. Conclusions: This study highlighted that the majority of college students were dissatisfied with their bodies. This research also showed that college students are at high risk of mental health problems.

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Reducing the Social Stigma Associated with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Controlled Trial of an Intervention Program in a Turkish Community Sample

Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies ◽

10.24193/jebp.2020.2.14 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 101-120

Author(s):

Ayça Aktaç Gürbüz ◽

Orçun YORULMAZ ◽

Gülşah DURNA

Keyword(s):

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Intervention Program ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Community Sample ◽

Case Vignette ◽

Control Group ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

Scientific research into the reduction of stigmatization, particularly related to specific problems such as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), is scarce. In the present study, we examine the impact of a video-based antistigma intervention program for OCD in a pretest-posttest control group research. After being randomly assigned to either an intervention (n= 101) or control group (n= 96), the participants reported their attitudes on a hypothetical case vignette before and after OCD vs. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) videos, and again six months later as a follow up assessment. The mixed design analyses for the group comparisons indicated that although there was no significant difference in the measures of the control group, the participants watching the anti-stigma OCD video, in which the focus was psychoeducation and interaction strategies, reported significantly lower scores on social distances and negative beliefs for the case vignettes they read, and this difference was maintained six months later. Then, the present results indicate the effectiveness of our anti-stigma intervention program for OCD. Interventions to reduce stigmatization can also be viewed as effective tools for changing the attitudes of people toward OCD, although further research and applications are needed related to specific disorders if a longlasting impact is to be achieved.

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Executive functioning in Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852921000705 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Long Long Chen ◽

Oskar Flygare ◽

John Wallert ◽

Jesper Enander ◽

Volen Z. Ivanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Executive Functioning ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder

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Childhood neuropsychological deficits associated with adult obsessive–compulsive disorder

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.108.056812 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 195 (2) ◽

pp. 138-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Jessica R. Grisham ◽

Tracy M. Anderson ◽

Richie Poulton ◽

Terrie E. Moffitt ◽

Gavin Andrews

Keyword(s):

Executive Functioning ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Verbal Ability ◽

Neuropsychological Deficits ◽

Control Group ◽

Developmental Study ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Visuomotor Skills

BackgroundExisting neuropsychological studies of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are cross-sectional and do not provide evidence of whether deficits are trait-related (antecedent and independent of symptomatology) or state-related (a consequence, dependent on symptomatology).AimsTo investigate whether there are premorbid neuropsychological deficits associated with adult OCD.MethodLongitudinal data were collected from participants of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Developmental study. Neuropsychological data collected at age 13 were linked with age 32 diagnosis of OCD.ResultsThe group who had OCD at age 32 differed significantly from the control group with no OCD on their performance at age 13 on neuropsychological tests of visuospatial, visuoconstructive and visuomotor skills, controlling for gender and socioeconomic status, but did not differ on tests of general IQ or verbal ability. Performance of the group with OCD on tests of executive functioning was mixed.ConclusionsIndividuals with OCD have premorbid impairment in visuospatial abilities and some forms of executive functioning, consistent with biological models of OCD.

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Disturbed Monitoring and Response Inhibition in patients with Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome and Co-Morbid Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Behavioural Neurology ◽

10.1155/2003/832906 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 14 (1-2) ◽

pp. 29-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Sandra Verena Müller ◽

Sönke Johannes ◽

Berdieke Wieringa ◽

Axel Weber ◽

Kirsten Müller-Vahl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Executive Functions ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Tourette Syndrome ◽

Response Inhibition ◽

Error Detection ◽

Neuropsychological Tests ◽

Cognitive Domain ◽

Control Group ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder

Objective:Fronto-striatal dysfunction has been discussed as underlying symptoms of Tourette syndrome (TS) with co-morbid Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). This suggests possible impairments of executive functions in this disorder, which were therefore targeted in the present study.Results:A comprehensive series of neuropsychological tests examining attention, memory and executive functions was performed in a group of 14 TS/OCD in co-occurrence with OCD patients and a matched control group.Results:While attentional and memory mechanisms were not altered, TS/OCS patients showed deficits in executive functions predominately in the areas of response inhibition and action monitoring.Conclusions:These findings provide further evidence for a substantial impairment of the frontal-striatal-thalamic-frontal circuit. We propose that the deficits in monitoring, error detection and response inhibition constitute the major impairment of TS/OCD patients in the cognitive domain.

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Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive–compulsive disorder

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055046 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 195 (5) ◽

pp. 393-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 441

Author(s):

Joaquim Radua ◽

David Mataix-Cols

Keyword(s):

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Grey Matter ◽

Antidepressant Treatment ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Control Group ◽

Grey Matter Volume ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Caudate Nuclei ◽

Compulsive Disorder

BackgroundSpecific cortico-striato-thalamic circuits are hypothesised to mediate the symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), but structural neuroimaging studies have been inconsistent.AimsTo conduct a meta-analysis of published and unpublished voxel-based morphometry studies in OCD.MethodTwelve data-sets comprising 401 people with OCD and 376 healthy controls met inclusion criteria. A new improved voxel-based meta-analytic method, signed differential mapping (SDM), was developed to examine regions of increased and decreased grey matter volume in the OCD group v. control group.ResultsNo between-group differences were found in global grey matter volumes. People with OCD had increased regional grey matter volumes in bilateral lenticular nuclei, extending to the caudate nuclei, as well as decreased volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri. A descriptive analysis of quartiles, a sensitivity analysis as well as analyses of subgroups further confirmed these findings. Meta-regression analyses showed that studies that included individuals with more severe OCD were significantly more likely to report increased grey matter volumes in the basal ganglia. No effect of current antidepressant treatment was observed.ConclusionsThe results support a dorsal prefrontal–striatal model of the disorder and raise the question of whether functional alterations in other brain regions commonly associated with OCD, such as the orbitofrontal cortex, may reflect secondary compensatory strategies. Whether the reported differences between participants with OCD and controls precede the onset of the symptoms and whether they are specific to OCD remains to be established.

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