Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in honey bee subspecies from Kenya

Abstract Honey bee populations from the island of Cyprus were analyzed using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers. A total of 268 colonies were sampled in Cyprus, at six different locations-Kyrenia, Katydata, Flassou, Alabra, Troulloi, and Alassa-covering a wide area of the island. Results showed that the Cyprian honey bee Apis mellifera cypria could be distinguished from other Apis mellifera subspecies based on a „double pattern“ of mitochondrial DNA belonging to the C1 lineage and microsatellite DNA belonging to the O lineage. All populations were homogeneous, except the population from Kyrenia, probably due to the introduction of queens or colonies belonging to the C2, C6, and M7 lineages.

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The Role of Mitochondria in Carcinogenesis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22105100 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

pp. 5100

Author(s):

Paulina Kozakiewicz ◽

Ludmiła Grzybowska-Szatkowska ◽

Marzanna Ciesielka ◽

Jolanta Rzymowska

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Mitochondrial Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Dna Polymorphisms ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Dna Mutations ◽

Nadh Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase ◽

Gene Coi ◽

The Impact

The mitochondria are essential for normal cell functioning. Changes in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may affect the occurrence of some chronic diseases and cancer. This process is complex and not entirely understood. The assignment to a particular mitochondrial haplogroup may be a factor that either contributes to cancer development or reduces its likelihood. Mutations in mtDNA occurring via an increase in reactive oxygen species may favour the occurrence of further changes both in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in postmitotic cells are not inherited, but may play a role both in initiation and progression of cancer. One of the first discovered polymorphisms associated with cancer was in the gene NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 (mt-ND3) and it was typical of haplogroup N. In prostate cancer, these mutations and polymorphisms involve a gene encoding subunit I of respiratory complex IV cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI). At present, a growing number of studies also address the impact of mtDNA polymorphisms on prognosis in cancer patients. Some of the mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms occur in both chronic disease and cancer, for instance polymorphism G5913A characteristic of prostate cancer and hypertension.

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Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Peruvian Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Populations Using the tRNAleu-cox2 Intergenic Region

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12070641 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 641

Author(s):

Julio Chávez-Galarza ◽

Ruth López-Montañez ◽

Alejandra Jiménez ◽

Rubén Ferro-Mauricio ◽

Juan Oré ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Mitochondrial Dna ◽

Honey Bee ◽

Intergenic Region ◽

Current Status ◽

Dna Variation ◽

Africanized Honey Bee ◽

Dna Variations ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Bee Colonies

Mitochondrial DNA variations of Peruvian honey bee populations were surveyed by using the tRNAleu-cox2 intergenic region. Only two studies have characterized these populations, indicating the presence of Africanized honey bee colonies in different regions of Peru and varied levels of Africanization, but the current status of its genetic diversity is unknown. A total of 512 honey bee colonies were sampled from three regions to characterize them. Our results revealed the presence of European and African haplotypes: the African haplotypes identified belong to sub-lineage AI (13) and sub-lineage AIII (03), and the European haplotypes to lineages C (06) and M (02). Of 24 haplotypes identified, 15 new sequences are reported here (11 sub-lineage AI, 2 sub-lineage AIII, and 2 lineage M). Peruvian honey bee populations presented a higher proportion from African than European haplotypes. High proportions of African haplotype were reported for Piura and Junín, unlike Lima, which showed more European haplotypes from lineage C. Few colonies belonging to lineage M would represent accidental purchase or traces of the introduction into Peru in the 19th century.

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Abundant Mitochondrial Genome Diversity, Population Differentiation and Convergent Evolution in Pines

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/150.4.1605 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 150 (4) ◽

pp. 1605-1614

Author(s):

Junyuan Wu ◽

Konstantin V Krutovskii ◽

Steven H Strauss

Keyword(s):

Mitochondrial Dna ◽

Population Differentiation ◽

Mitochondrial Gene ◽

Dna Polymorphisms ◽

Neighbor Joining ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Length Polymorphisms ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Mitochondrial Genome Diversity

Abstract We examined mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms via the analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in three closely related species of pines from western North America: knobcone (Pinus attenuata Lemm.), Monterey (P. radiata D. Don), and bishop (P. muricata D. Don). A total of 343 trees derived from 13 populations were analyzed using 13 homologous mitochondrial gene probes amplified from three species by polymerase chain reaction. Twenty-eight distinct mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were detected and no common haplotypes were found among the species. All three species showed limited variability within populations, but strong differentiation among populations. Based on haplotype frequencies, genetic diversity within populations (HS) averaged 0.22, and population differentiation (GST and θ) exceeded 0.78. Analysis of molecular variance also revealed that >90% of the variation resided among populations. For the purposes of genetic conservation and breeding programs, species and populations could be readily distinguished by unique haplotypes, often using the combination of only a few probes. Neighbor-joining phenograms, however, strongly disagreed with those based on allozymes, chloroplast DNA, and morphological traits. Thus, despite its diagnostic haplotypes, the genome appears to evolve via the rearrangement of multiple, convergent subgenomic domains.

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Genetic Diversities and Historical Dynamics of Native Ethiopian Horse Populations (Equus caballus) Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12020155 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 155

Author(s):

Kefena Effa ◽

Sonia Rosenbom ◽

Jianlin Han ◽

Tadelle Dessie ◽

Albano Beja-Pereira

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Mitochondrial Dna ◽

Genetic Differentiation ◽

Sequence Divergence ◽

Dna Polymorphisms ◽

Base Pairs ◽

Feral Horses ◽

Domestic Horses ◽

D Loop ◽

Diversity Estimates

Matrilineal genetic diversity and relationship were investigated among eight morphologically identified native Ethiopian horse populations using polymorphisms in 46 mtDNA D-loop sequences (454 base pairs). The horse populations identified were Abyssinian, Bale, Borana, Horro, Kafa, Kundido feral horses, Ogaden and Selale. Mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences were characterized by 15 variable sites that defined five different haplotypes. All genetic diversity estimates, including Reynolds’ linearized genetic distance, genetic differentiation (FST) and nucleotide sequence divergence (DA), revealed a low genetic differentiation in native Ethiopian horse populations. However, Kundido feral and Borana domestic horses were slightly diverged from the rest of the Ethiopian horse populations. We also tried to shed some light on the matrilineal genetic root of native Ethiopian horses from a network constructed by combining newly generated haplotypes and reference haplotypes deposited in the GenBank for Eurasian type Turkish Anatolian horses that were used as a genetic conduit between Eurasian and African horse populations. Ninety-two haplotypes were generated from the combined Ethio-Eurasian mtDNA D-loop sequences. A network reconstructed from the combined haplotypes using Median-Joining algorithm showed that haplotypes generated from native Ethiopian horses formed separate clusters. The present result encourages further investigation of the genetic origin of native African horses by retrieving additional mtDNA sequences deposited in the GenBank for African and Eurasian type horses.

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