scholarly journals A molecular genetic approach for sex determination on helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) casque: a forensic casework

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 00020
Author(s):  
Yuli S. Fitriana ◽  
Mohammad Irham ◽  
Hari Sutrisno ◽  
Abinawanto
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Independent Sets ◽  
Black Market ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Genetic Approach ◽  
Genetic Sexing ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Forensic Casework ◽  
Males And Females

Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinolax vigil) is the only hornbill that equipped with solid casque made from keratin for both males and females. The demand for casque in the black market was huge and resulted in IUCN status leaped up from vulnerable to critically endangered. We received a total of 68 confiscated helmeted hornbill casques. As part of the casework and the objectives of the study, we determined to reveal the sex status of those casques and the best methods to work with keratinous material. Molecular methods to determining sex in birds rely on the CHD gene located on male and female chromosomes ZZ and ZW, respectively. We optimized laboratory protocols for genetic sexing using three independent sets of primers P2/P8, 2550F/2718R, and CHD1F/CHD1R to amplify regions of the sexlinked CHD-Z and CHD-W genes. The CHD1F/CHD1R determined sex 80.88% of samples. The 2550F/2718R were quite successful, sexing 51.47% of samples. In contrast, the P2/P8 only identified the sex around 20.58% of samples. These results showed that CHD1F/CHD1R works the most effective for sexing the casques with 52.9% females, 27.9% males, and 19.1% unidentified. Therefore, the most accurate and suitable primers are CHD1F/CHD1R, 2550F/2718R, and P2/P8, respectively for keratinous samples.

scholarly journals Sex differentiation in grayling (Salmonidae) goes through an all-male stage and is delayed in genetic males who instead grow faster

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Maitre ◽  
Oliver M. Selmoni ◽  
Anshu Uppal ◽  
Lucas Marques da Cunha ◽  
Laetitia G. E. Wilkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Genetic Sexing ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Two Samples

AbstractFish can be threatened by distorted sex ratios that arise during sex differentiation. It is therefore important to understand sex determination and differentiation, especially in river-dwelling fish that are often exposed to environmental factors that may interfere with sex differentiation. However, sex differentiation is not sufficiently understood in keystone taxa such as the Thymallinae, one of the three salmonid subfamilies. Here we study a wild grayling (Thymallus thymallus) population that suffers from distorted sex ratios. We found sex determination in the wild and in captivity to be genetic and linked to the sdY locus. We therefore studied sex-specific gene expression in embryos and early larvae that were bred and raised under different experimental conditions, and we studied gonadal morphology in five monthly samples taken after hatching. Significant sex-specific changes in gene expression (affecting about 25,000 genes) started around hatching. Gonads were still undifferentiated three weeks after hatching, but about half of the fish showed immature testes around seven weeks after hatching. Over the next few months, this phenotype was mostly replaced by the “testis-to-ovary” or “ovaries” phenotypes. The gonads of the remaining fish, i.e. approximately half of the fish in each sampling period, remained undifferentiated until six months after fertilization. Genetic sexing of the last two samples revealed that fish with undifferentiated gonads were all males, who, by that time, were on average larger than the genetic females (verified in 8-months old juveniles raised in another experiment). Only 12% of the genetic males showed testicular tissue six months after fertilization. We conclude that sex differentiation starts around hatching, goes through an all-male stage for both sexes (which represents a rare case of “undifferentiated” gonochoristic species that usually go through an all-female stage), and is delayed in males who, instead of developing their gonads, grow faster than females during these juvenile stages.Author contributionMRR and CW initiated the project. DM, OS, AU, LMC, LW, and CW sampled the adult fish, did the experimental in vitro fertilizations, and prepared the embryos for experimental rearing in the laboratory. All further manipulations on the embryos and the larvae were done by DM, OS, AU, LMC, and LW. The RNA-seq data were analyzed by OS, JR, and MRR, the histological analyses were done by DM, supervised by SK, and the molecular genetic sexing was performed by DM, OS, AU, and KBM. DM, OS, and CW performed the remaining statistical analyses and wrote the first version of the manuscript that was then critically revised by all other authors.

Sex Behaviour and Sex Determination in Crepidula Fornicata L

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
JAN Z. WILCZYNSKI
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Crepidula Fornicata ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Significant Tendency ◽  
Males And Females

1. The percentages of males and females in naturally occurring chains of Crepidula fornicata L. were found to be 39% females, 6% ‘transients’ and 55% males. 2. Disconnected males kept in cages in sea water for 9 months re-established the normal sex ratio. 3. Disconnected males were kept for periods of 4-6 weeks at temperatures of 30° and 10° C. No significant tendency to change sex was observed. 4. Males were injected with extracts of females. No tendency to change sex was observed. 5. In animals of all sizes from small males to large females both male and female gametes are invariably present together. The gametes of both sexes are polymorphic.

scholarly journals Sex determination in crayfish: are intersex Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda, Parastacidae) genetically females?

2003 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. PARNES ◽  
I. KHALAILA ◽  
G. HULATA ◽  
A. SAGI
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cherax Quadricarinatus ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Normal Males ◽  
Red Claw Crayfish ◽  
Female Genital

In the Australian red-claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens) (Decapoda, Parastacidae), a gonochoristic species, seven different combinations of intersex individuals (with both male and female genital openings) have been described. However, to date, the genetic basis for this phenomenon has not been investigated. This study was designed to test a simple chromosome-based sex-determination model for C. quadricarinatus that assumes the male to be the homogametic (ZZ) sex. According to our model, intersex individuals that are functionally males are genetically females (WZ). Individual crosses were performed between intersex and female crayfish, with control crosses being performed between normal males and females. The control crosses yielded, in most cases, the expected 1[ratio ]1 sex ratio in the F1 progeny. Crosses between intersex individuals and females yielded a 1[ratio ]3 (male[ratio ]female) sex ratio in most crosses. According to our hypothesis, one-third of the females produced in a cross of a female with an intersex animal should be WW females. The hypothesis was tested by crossing normal males with F1 females, which were progeny of intersex fathers. These crosses yielded almost 100% females, a finding that conforms to the above-suggested sex determination model for C. quadricarinatus and the female WZ genotype of intersex individuals.

Chromatin dynamics associated with sexual differentiation in a UV sex determination system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josselin Gueno ◽  
Simon Bourdareau ◽  
Guillaume Cossard ◽  
Olivier Godfroy ◽  
Agnieszka Lipinska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Chromatin State ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Chromatin States ◽  
Males And Females

SummaryIn many eukaryotes, such as dioicous mosses and many algae, sex is determined by UV sex chromosomes and is expressed during the haploid phase of the life cycle. In these species, the male and female developmental programs are initiated by the presence of the U- or V-specific regions of the sex chromosomes but, as in XY and ZW systems, phenotypic differentiation is largely driven by autosomal sex-biased gene expression. The mechanisms underlying sex-biased transcription in XY, ZW or UV sexual systems currently remain elusive. Here, we set out to understand the extent and nature of epigenomic changes associated with sexual differentiation in the brown alga Ectocarpus, which has a well described UV system. Five histone modifications, H3K4me3, H3K27Ac, H3K9Ac, H3K36me3, H4K20me3, were quantified in near-isogenic male and female lines, leading to the identification of 13 different chromatin states across the Ectocarpus genome that showed different patterns of enrichment at transcribed, silent, housekeeping or narrowly-expressed genes. Chromatin states were strongly correlated with levels of gene expression indicating a relationship between the assayed marks and gene transcription. The relative proportion of each chromatin state across the genome remained stable in males and females, but a subset of genes exhibited different chromatin states in the two sexes. In particular, males and females displayed distinct patterns of histone modifications at sex-biased genes, indicating that chromatin state transitions occur preferentially at genes involved in sex-specific pathways. Finally, our results reveal a unique chromatin landscape of the U and V sex chromosomes compared to autosomes. Taken together, our observations reveal a role for histone modifications in sex determination and sexual differentiation in a UV sexual system, and suggest that the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation of genes on the UV sex chromosomes may differ from those operating on autosomal genes.

scholarly journals Evolution of sexual development and sexual dimorphism in insects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Hopkins ◽  
Artyom Kopp
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Insect Sex

Most animal species consist of two distinct sexes. At the morphological, physiological, and behavioural levels the differences between males and females are numerous and dramatic, yet at the genomic level they are often slight or absent. This disconnect is overcome because simple genetic differences or environmental signals are able to direct the sex-specific expression of a shared genome. A canonical picture of how this process works in insects emerged from decades of work on Drosophila. But recent years have seen an explosion of molecular-genetic and developmental work on a broad range of insects. Drawing these studies together, we describe the evolution of sexual dimorphism from a comparative perspective and argue that insect sex determination and differentiation systems are composites of rapidly evolving and highly conserved elements.

GONADOTROPHIN PATTERNS IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS:

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Boyd ◽  
Donald C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Prostate Weight ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Normal Males

ABSTRACT The effects of various doses of testosterone propionate (TP) upon the release of luteinizing hormone (LH or ICSH) from the hypophysis of a gonadectomized male or female rat were compared. Prostate weight in hypophysectomized male parabiotic partners was used to evaluate the quantity of circulating LH. Hypophyseal LH was measured by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion method. Males castrated when 45 days old secreted significantly more LH and had three times the amount of pituitary LH as ovariectomized females. Administration of 25 μg TP daily reduced the amount of LH in the plasma, and increased the amount in the pituitary gland, in both sexes. Treatment with 50 μg caused a further reduction in plasma LH in males, but not in females, while pituitary levels in both were equal to that of their respective controls. LH fell to the same low level in partners of males or females receiving 100 μg TP. When gonadectomized at 39 days, males and females had the same amount of plasma LH, but males had more stored hormone. Pituitary levels were unchanged from controls following treatment with 12.5, 25 or 50 μg TP daily, but plasma values dropped an equal amount in both sexes with the latter two doses. Androgenized males or females, gonadectomized when 39 days old, were very sensitive to the effects of TP and plasma LH was significantly reduced with 12.5 μg daily. Pituitary LH in androgenized males was higher than that of normal males but was reduced to normal by small amounts of TP. The amount of stored LH in androgenized females was not different from that of normal females and it was unchanged by any dose of TP tested. Results are consistent with the conclusion that the male hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis is at least as sensitive as the female axis to the negative feedback effects of TP. Androgenization increases the sensitivity to TP in both males and females.

AVALIAÇÃO DO CONHECIMENTO TRADICIONAL DOS PESCADORES DA RDSM APLICADO À IDENTIFICAÇÃO DO SEXO DE PIRARUCUS

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Kelven Lopes ◽  
Helder Lima de Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Sustainable Fisheries ◽  
Arapaima Gigas ◽  
Males And Females

This study examined the traditional knowledge of fishermen at Mamirauá Reserve about sex determination of pirarucus, Arapaima gigas Schinz 1822. We evaluated the criteria used for by fishermen in the sector Jarauá at Mamirauá Reserve for this determination, during the fisheries season, from October to November 2004. We analyzed responses of a group of about 15 fishermen collected in structured interviews regarding 109 individual pirarucus, 65 males and 44 females. From this sample, only 64 fish have their sex correctly predicted by the fishermen. Although the traditional knowledge of local fishermen is a key component of the sustainable fisheries of this species, this knowledge is not functional in all ranges and aspects, as in sex distinction. We found that the local fishermen evaluated are not able to recognize the sex of pirarucus, although some criteria applied for this purpose are consistent with their biology. The rates of correct forecasts for recognition of males and females were similar to those obtained by chance, even when the criteria applied were consistent, as the criterion “coloration”, which was significantly consistent for identification of males. Yet the group of fishermen interviewed in this study apparently did not apply this criterion correctly.

Gender Differences in Clothing Worn in Current Popular Comic Books

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Landon Jossy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Comic Books ◽  
Book Industry ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

This study looked at how males and females were portrayed, based on the amount of skin shown in the clothing worn.  A Content analysis was performed on a sample of 20 randomly selected popular comics from the last 3 years.  Both male and female characters were rated on how much skin they showed in three clothing categories; neck line, sleeve length, and lower body.  Results showed that in all 3 categories, women consistently wore more revealing clothing.  The findings demonstraetd that the comic book industry is comparable to other forms of media, in the sexualization of female characters, by having them wear more revealing clothing.

scholarly journals Spinal Muscular Atrophy after Nusinersen Therapy: Improved Physiology in Pediatric Patients with No Significant Change in Urine, Serum, and Liquor 1H-NMR Metabolomes in Comparison to an Age-Matched, Healthy Cohort

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Leon Deutsch ◽  
Damjan Osredkar ◽  
Janez Plavec ◽  
Blaž Stres
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Spinal Muscular Atrophy ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Healthy Cohort ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Urine Serum

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetically heterogeneous group of rare neuromuscular diseases and was until recently the most common genetic cause of death in children. The effects of 2-month nusinersen therapy on urine, serum, and liquor 1H-NMR metabolomes in SMA males and females were not explored yet, especially not in comparison to the urine 1H-NMR metabolomes of matching male and female cohorts. In this prospective, single-centered study, urine, serum, and liquor samples were collected from 25 male and female pediatric patients with SMA before and after 2 months of nusinersen therapy and urine samples from a matching healthy cohort (n = 125). Nusinersen intrathecal application was the first therapy for the treatment of SMA by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Metabolomes were analyzed using targeted metabolomics utilizing 600 MHz 1H-NMR, parametric and nonparametric multivariate statistical analyses, machine learning, and modeling. Medical assessment before and after nusinersen therapy showed significant improvements of movement, posture, and strength according to various medical tests. No significant differences were found in metabolomes before and after nusinersen therapy in urine, serum, and liquor samples using an ensemble of statistical and machine learning approaches. In comparison to a healthy cohort, 1H-NMR metabolomes of SMA patients contained a reduced number and concentration of urine metabolites and differed significantly between males and females as well. Significantly larger data scatter was observed for SMA patients in comparison to matched healthy controls. Machine learning confirmed urinary creatinine as the most significant, distinguishing SMA patients from the healthy cohort. The positive effects of nusinersen therapy clearly preceded or took place devoid of significant rearrangements in the 1H-NMR metabolomic makeup of serum, urine, and liquor. Urine creatinine was successful at distinguishing SMA patients from the matched healthy cohort, which is a simple systemic novelty linking creatinine and SMA to the physiology of inactivity and diabetes, and it facilitates the monitoring of SMA disease in pediatric patients through non-invasive urine collection.

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