scholarly journals Biomorphs Solanum dulcamara L. and their contribution in seasonal climate grasses origin

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 00039
Author(s):  
Irina Konovalova ◽  
Natalya Savinykh
Keyword(s):  
Life Time ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
System Level ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Number Increase ◽  
Root Sucker ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Vegetative Origin

The paper demonstrates S. dulcamara ecobiomorphs: a long rhizome semi-woody liana (LSL), a long rhizome subshrub with ascending shoots (LSAS), a root sucker subshrub and a shortlived plants of vegetative origin; and ontobiomorphs: a taproot upright subshrub (TUS), a subshrub with a mixed root system (SMRS), LSL, and LSAS. Possible stages and modes are suggested of Solanum biomorph transformation: 1. TUS, as a result of prolongation on the shoot (adventitious roots) and shoot system level (two or more replacement shoots), deviations on individual plant level (shoot lodging), transforms into SMRS; 2. SMRS, through the plant’s ontogenesis abbreviation (fragmentation), prolongation (epigeogenum rhizome), and deviation (stem twisting), transforms into LSL. Further LSL habit transformations can occur in xerophylous and hygrophylous biomorph evolution lines. On dry soil, as a result of prolongation (adventitious buds on roots), a root sucker subshrub appears. A hygrophyle line is possible in case of prolongations on the shoot level (metamere number increase within a shoot, dicyclic shoots), of the individual plant abbreviations (shortened life-time of sympodial axes, early fragmentation) and end with a short-lived plants of vegetative origin. Possibly, mien changes in S. dulcamara ontogenesis show possible stages in Solanum life forms transformation, from tree forms to LSL.

scholarly journals WIND TUNNEL TESTS OF HOW COASTAL PLANTS FEEDBACK ON DUNE SHAPE

2018 ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Bianca Charbonneau ◽  
Brenda Casper
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Trapping Efficiency ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Dune System ◽  
Coastal Plants ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Flat Back

Theoretical evolution of a coastal dune system starts at the individual plant level with the formation of bedforms, nebkha and shadow dunes, around plants. Over time, these initial bedforms can evolve into a fully developed foredune and eventually a complex dune system capable of buffering upland coastal areas against high tides and storms. Recent studies suggest that dunebuilding plant species may differ in their sand trapping efficiency and they may support different topographies, building dunes morphologically similar to their own stature – i.e. a taller steeper plant would build a taller and steeper dune. We believe that the bedforms created at the onset of dune evolution, i.e. after a storm or at the backbeach, may carry over through the life of the dune, such that understanding how plant morphology and density affects the initial formation stages of dune morphology is key to optimizing dune management, maintenance, and creation. With ERDC and USGS funding, we built a removable bed unilateral flow wind tunnel to test how the morphology among and within dominant US East coast foredune plants feeds back on bedform creation around individual plants at a baseline of zero (i.e. flat back beach or post storm).

scholarly journals Endophytic microbiome variation at the level of a single plant seed

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
AF Bintarti ◽  
A Sulesky-Grieb ◽  
N Stopnisek ◽  
A Shade
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Metagenomic Dna ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Individual Seed ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Microbiome Assembly ◽  
Plant Microbiome

AbstractLike other plant compartments, the seed harbors a microbiome. The members of the seed microbiome are the first to colonize a germinating seedling, and they initiate the trajectory of microbiome assembly for the next plant generation. Therefore, the members of the seed microbiome are important for the dynamics of plant microbiome assembly and the vertical transmission of potentially beneficial symbionts. However, it remains challenging to assess the microbiome at the individual seed level (and, therefore, for the future individual plant) due to low endophytic microbial biomass, seed exudates that can select for particular members, and high plant and plastid contamination of resulting reads. Here, we report a protocol for extracting metagenomic DNA from an individual seed (common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with minimal disruption of host tissue, which we expect to be generalizable to other medium-and large-seed plant species. We applied this protocol to quantify the 16S rRNA V4 and ITS2 amplicon composition and variability for individual seeds harvested from replicate common bean plants grown under standard, controlled conditions to maintain health. Using metagenomic DNA extractions from individual seeds, we compared seed-to-seed, pod-to-pod, and plant-to-plant microbiomes, and found highest microbiome variability at the plant level. This suggests that several seeds from the same plant could be pooled for microbiome assessment, given experimental designs that apply treatments at the maternal plant level. This study adds protocols and insights to the growing toolkit of approaches to understand the plant-microbiome engagements that support the health of agricultural and environmental ecosystems.

Population structure, seed loads and flowering phenology in three common (Melaleuca styphelioides, M. thymifolia, M. nodosa) and one rare (M. deanei) Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) species of the Sydney region

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Hewitt ◽  
Paul Holford ◽  
Adrian Renshaw ◽  
Anthony Haigh ◽  
E. Charles Morris
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
The Individual

Melaleuca deanei F.Muell. is listed under state and national protection legislation occurring as small, disjunct populations restricted to the Central Coast botanical district of New South Wales. This paper reports on the population structure, reproductive output and phenology of large and small field populations of M. deanei, compared with three common congeneric species in the area, namely, Melaleuca nodosa (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Sm., Melaleuca thymifolia Sm. and Melaleuca styphelioides Sm. Both M. deanei and M. styphelioides had few seedlings per population at the sites studied. Results indicated that seedling recruitment is rare and would appear to require specific conditions. In addition, M. deanei had a low incidence of flowering within the small populations, significantly fewer fruiting plants per population and significantly lower numbers of viable seeds per square metre, most likely compounding its limited recruitment. Flowering, when it occurred in M. deanei, was from mid to late October through to late November–early December with increased flowering in response to fire and along road edges. Further study is needed to determine reproductive success at the individual-plant level, the breeding system and recruitment requirements of these species.

Reproductive consequences of a gall-inducing fungal pathogen (Exobasidium vaccinii) on Rhododendron calendulaceum (Ericaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 1454-1459
Author(s):  
Lorne M Wolfe ◽  
Leslie J Rissler
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Reproductive Process ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Reproductive Consequences

We investigated the reproductive consequences of a gall-inducing fungal pathogen (Exobasidium vaccinii) on its host plant, Flame Azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr.) in southwestern Virginia. The percentage of infected plants ranged from 10 to 90% among the four study sites. There was a high degree of consistency in the pattern of prevalence between years at both the site and individual plant level within sites; plants and sites that showed high gall loads in 1997 were similarly infected in 1998. Infection rates and gall loads were higher in 1997 compared with 1998. All measures of reproduction were negatively affected by galls. Individuals infected in 1997 were less likely to flower the next season. Diseased inflorescences produced fewer flowers, smaller individual flowers, and had a lower probability of producing fruit. At the individual host level, the probability of fruit production was negatively correlated with the gall load on that individual. Finally, branches that were diseased in 1997 were more likely to die the following year, while healthy branches had a high probability of producing leaves and (or) flowers. Our results demonstrate that the fungal galls produced by E. vaccinii have immediate negative consequences to the reproductive process of R. calendulaceum.

Comparing in situ phenology and remotely derived phenometrics across ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Donnelly ◽  
Rong Yu ◽  
Katherine Jones ◽  
Michael Belitz ◽  
Bonan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Spring Phenology ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Growing Season Length ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
The Individual

<p>The use of satellite sensors, near-surface cameras and other remote methods of monitoring vegetation phenology at landscape and higher scales has become increasingly common. These technologies provide a means to determine the timing of phenophases and growing season length at different spatial resolutions; coverage that is not attainable by human observers. However, in situ ground observations are necessary to validate remotely derived phenometrics. Despite increased knowledge and expertise there still remains the persistent challenge of reconciling ground observations at the individual plant level with remotely sensed (RS) phenometrics at landscape or larger scales. Here, we compared the timing of in situ phenophase estimates (spring and autumn) with a range of corresponding remote sensing (MODIS, VIIRS, PhenoCam) phenometrics across five terrestrial sites in the USA’s National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). The sites represent a range of ecosystem types including, deciduous forest (Harvard Forest, MA), dry scrubland (Onaqui, UT), evergreen forest (Abby Road, WA) and seasonal wetlands (Disney Wilderness Preserve and Ordway-Swisher Biological Station, FL) focusing on a three year period from 2017-2019. Our main objective was compare a range of co-located RS pheometrics with in situ observations to explore potential reasons for the observed discrepancies and to determine which technologies were more aligned with ground observations. Statistically significant relationships were strongest (p<0.001) for spring phenophases compared to autumn. In general, satellite derived phenometrics tended to be earlier (RMSE 21.7 – 28.4 days) than in situ spring phenology whereas PhenoCam derived phenometrics were later (RMSE 24 days). Overall, discrepancies between in situ and RS phenometrics related to scale, species availability and the short duration of the time-series (3 years). However, as the NEON project progresses these challenges are expected to be reduced as more data become available.</p>

scholarly journals System models for resilience in gerontology: application to the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Klasa ◽  
Stephanie Galaitsi ◽  
Andrew Wister ◽  
Igor Linkov
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
System Level ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
The World ◽  
Aging Adults ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe care needs for aging adults are increasing burdens on health systems around the world. Efforts minimizing risk to improve quality of life and aging have proven moderately successful, but acute shocks and chronic stressors to an individual’s systemic physical and cognitive functions may accelerate their inevitable degradations. A framework for resilience to the challenges associated with aging is required to complement on-going risk reduction policies, programs and interventions. Studies measuring resilience among the elderly at the individual level have not produced a standard methodology. Moreover, resilience measurements need to incorporate external structural and system-level factors that determine the resources that adults can access while recovering from aging-related adversities. We use the National Academies of Science conceptualization of resilience for natural disasters to frame resilience for aging adults. This enables development of a generalized theory of resilience for different individual and structural contexts and populations, including a specific application to the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals The OsERF115/AP2EREBP110 Transcription Factor Is Involved in the Multiple Stress Tolerance to Heat and Drought in Rice Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7181
Author(s):  
Seong-Im Park ◽  
Hyeok Jin Kwon ◽  
Mi Hyeon Cho ◽  
Ji Sun Song ◽  
Beom-Gi Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Hormone Signaling ◽  
Combined Stress ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Multiple Stress Tolerance

The AP2/EREBP family transcription factors play important roles in a wide range of stress tolerance and hormone signaling. In this study, a heat-inducible rice ERF gene was isolated and functionally characterized. The OsERF115/AP2EREBP110 was categorized to Group-IIIc of the rice AP2/EREBP family and strongly induced by heat and drought treatment. The OsERF115/AP2EREBP110 protein targeted to nuclei and suppressed the ABA-induced transcriptional activation of Rab16A promoter in rice protoplasts. Overexpression of OsERF115/AP2EREBP110 enhanced thermotolerance of seeds and vegetative growth stage plants. The OsERF115/AP2EREBP110 overexpressing (OE) plants exhibited higher proline level and increased expression of a proline biosynthesis P5CS1 gene. Phenotyping of water use dynamics of the individual plant indicates that the OsERF115/AP2EREBP110-OE plant exhibited better water saving traits under heat and drought combined stress. Our combined results suggest the potential use of OsERF115/AP2EREBP110 as a candidate gene for genetic engineering approaches to develop heat and drought stress-tolerant crops.

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