scholarly journals Spatial analysis of Samara region land degradation and differentiation of antierosion territory organization

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 00142
Author(s):  
E. V. Samokhvalova ◽  
S. N. Zudilin ◽  
O. A. Lavrennikova
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Degradation Factor ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Factor Coefficient

In the research, a spatial analysis of the degradation of Samara region agricultural land with the assessment of economic losses due to water erosion is carried out. A map chart of the distribution of districts with different degrees of erosion has also been developed. The values of the degradation factor coefficient and economic losses due to the influence of erosion processes are calculated. The key points of antierosion territory organization and land regulation depending on landscape nature and kind of damage are represented. The plan of action for the antierosion territory organization of a farm in Kinelsky district is proposed and its effectiveness to stop and prevent erosion processes, as well as for rational use of land and increase soil fertility is shown.

scholarly journals Sourse degradation - global environmental problem

2017 ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myroslav Voloshchuk
Keyword(s):  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Complex Situation ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
Catchment Areas

Based on generalization of literary sources, normative legal, stock materials and experimental data, the complex situation of soil degradation is highlighted. Different types and intensity of the manifestation of soil degradation, their distribution and characteristics are described. The threatening situation of manifestation of degradation processes in some regions of Ukraine is shown, among which soil erosion occupies the leading place. More than 4.5 million hectares are occupied by medium and strongly ground soils, including 68 thousand hectares completely lost their humus horizon. Particularly large areas of eroded soils are distributed on arable land in the Vinnytsia, Luhansk, Donetsk, Odesa, Chernivtsi and Ternopil regions, where the average annual ground wash is 24.5–27.8 t/ha with a tolerance of 2.5–3.7 t/ha. As a result of erosion processes from the total area of agricultural land, about 500 million tons of fertile soil layer is washed out on average annually, which contains about 24 million tons of humus, 0.96 million tons of nitrogen, 0.68 million tons of phosphorus and 9.4 million tons of potassium equivalent to 320–333 million tons of organic fertilizers, and ecological and economic losses due to erosion exceed 9 billion UAH. Flat soil was associated with linear erosion. The main indicators characterizing the degree of damage to land by linear erosion are the density of ravines, the distance and area between them, the slope, the properties of soils and rocks, the morphometric parameters of the ravines and their catchment areas. According to various estimates, the area of land affected by linear erosion in the country increases by 5–10 thousand ha annually. The effect of the ravines on the complete destruction of the land, deformation of the soil cover is highlighted. Information on various types of soil pollution by poison chemicals, industrial waste is given. According to the prediction of scientists in such a situation, 120–150 years on the planet can destroy the fertile soil layer. Key words: erosion, dehumidification, pollution, waterlogging, acidity, degraded land.

scholarly journals Estimating Human Impacts on Soil Erosion Considering Different Hillslope Inclinations and Land Uses in the Coastal Region of Syria

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safwan Mohammed ◽  
Hazem G. Abdo ◽  
Szilard Szabo ◽  
Quoc Bao Pham ◽  
Imre J. Holb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Erosion Processes

Soils in the coastal region of Syria (CRoS) are one of the most fragile components of natural ecosystems. However, they are adversely affected by water erosion processes after extreme land cover modifications such as wildfires or intensive agricultural activities. The main goal of this research was to clarify the dynamic interaction between erosion processes and different ecosystem components (inclination, land cover/land use, and rainy storms) along with the vulnerable territory of the CRoS. Experiments were carried out in five different locations using a total of 15 erosion plots. Soil loss and runoff were quantified in each experimental plot, considering different inclinations and land uses (agricultural land (AG), burnt forest (BF), forest/control plot (F)). Observed runoff and soil loss varied greatly according to both inclination and land cover after 750 mm of rainfall (26 events). In the cultivated areas, the average soil water erosion ranged between 0.14 ± 0.07 and 0.74 ± 0.33 kg/m2; in the BF plots, mean soil erosion ranged between 0.03 ± 0.01 and 0.24 ± 0.10 kg/m2. The lowest amount of erosion was recorded in the F plots where the erosion ranged between 0.1 ± 0.001 and 0.07 ± 0.03 kg/m2. Interestingly, the General Linear Model revealed that all factors (i.e., inclination, rainfall and land use) had a significant (p < 0.001) effect on the soil loss. We concluded that human activities greatly influenced soil erosion rates, being higher in the AG lands, followed by BF and F. Therefore, the current study could be very useful to policymakers and planners for proposing immediate conservation or restoration plans in a less studied area which has been shown to be vulnerable to soil erosion processes.

scholarly journals The Importance of Environmental Factors for the Development of Water Erosion of Soil in Agricultural Land: The Southern Part of Hronská Pahorkatina Hill Land, Slovakia

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1234
Author(s):  
Viera Petlušová ◽  
Peter Petluš ◽  
Michal Ševčík ◽  
Juraj Hreško
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Erosion Processes

The water erosion research was carried out in the lowland type of hilly landscape. The aim was to monitor and evaluate the importance of environmental factors (steepness of slope, relief shapes, aspect, slope length, combination slope length (L) and slope (S)—LS factor, types of land use changes) for the development of water erosion. We focused on the identification of areas threatened by erosion by interpreting aerial photographs from several time periods. This was followed by verification of erosion using soil probes. We identified 408.44 ha of areas affected by erosion, and measured the depth of soil and “A” horizons thickness. The environmental factors were modeled in geographical information systems by tools for spatially oriented data. Subsequently, the influence and significance of individual environmental factors were compared, and the probability of erosion was statistically estimated. The decisive factors in the formation of erosive surfaces are the LS factor and the slope. We also consider the factor of the relief shape to be important. The shape did not appear to be very significant as a separately evaluated factor, but all convex parts correlate with the identified erosion surfaces. The susceptibility of erosion related to the aspect of the slopes to the cardinal directions has not been confirmed. Types of land use changes with the most significant relation of erosion were confirmed in areas of strong intensification. We confirmed the importance of factors and land use for the development of erosion processes.

scholarly journals Ways to Reduce Water Erosion on Mountainous Slope Lands

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
V B Zaalishvili ◽  
S Kh Dzanagov ◽  
S A Bekuzarova ◽  
M Sh Gaplaev ◽  
E A Tsagaraeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Fertility Preservation ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Perennial Herbs ◽  
Soil Losses

The most important problem in the highland area is the development of technologies to reduce water erosion and improve soil fertility preservation. In order to restore degraded soils of slope lands, a number of measure is undertaken, among them planting crops across the slope and rational fertilizer treatment. To reduce erosion processes, mineral fertilizers were applied depending on the steepness of slope. High sections with the steepness of 9–10∘ received ammonium sulphate in a quantity of 60 kg/ha. Lower part of the slope with the steepness of 5–7∘ received ammonia nitrate as a nitrogen fertilizer in a quantity of 80 kg/ha, while the gentle sloping part with 2–5∘ had urea-formaldehyde fertilizer incorporated under winter tillage in a quantity of 50 kg/ha. At that, stripes were formed across the slope where tall-growing perennial herbs were planted: hill mustard (Bunias orentalis L.), silphium (Silphium perfaliatum), Eastern galega (Galeqa orientalis L.), cock’s foot grass (Dakfilis qlamerata L.). The research results have shown that thanks to fertilizers, yield of crops increases by a factor of 1.5–2, while soil losses reduced from 0.042 to 0.018 t/ha.

WATER EROSION AND STRUGGLE MEASURES AGAINST IT

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8(77)) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Ulkar Zakir Akbarova
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Erosion Process ◽  
Flood Water ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Structural Composition

The factors causing water erosion have been investigated, an influence of erosion on soil fertility, agrophysical and agrochemical features, complications and economic losses, and also measures against erosion have been offered in this article. It was known that the last results of the erosion process was vividly shown in plants productivity. So, in areas where erosion is developing the plants productivity is 2-5 times lower in comparison with the areas where erosion isnꞌt observed and areas which are cultivated with the high agrotechnical rules. Thus, the agriculture suffers damage. During the research the raindrops and irrigation erosion were widely investigated. It was determined that as a result of the raindrops erosion the soil structure is obliterated, porosity decreases, penetration of water and air into the soil becomes difficult. To prevent from raindrops erosion it is recommended to determine rainfall quantity and intensity on seasons and to provide coverage of soil with the plant. It was determined that the zone slope, granulometric and structural composition, coverage percentage, not following the irrigation norms and rules caused formation and development of irrigation erosion. The research results show that while an amount of the muddy flow is 51,40 g/l in one liter of the flood water, this quantity is 43,50 g/l in the area, where the water consumption is 2,5 l/sec., it is 30,10 g/sec. in 2 l/sec. of water consumption.

Soil organic carbon losses by water erosion in a Mediterranean watershed

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Cilek
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
The Mediterranean

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the primary elements required in the functioning of ecosystems. Soil erosion, a major mechanism of land degradation, removes SOC and transfers it to the hydrosphere or the atmosphere, thereby affecting key ecosystem functions and services. The Mediterranean region is highly susceptible to land degradation because of erosion due to heavy rains following long, dry, hot summers. Although the Mediterranean landscape typically has a high altitude and incline, the soil is brittle and soft and is easily washed away by rain. Thus, vast regions in Turkey have been afflicted by this type of soil degradation. This study aimed to (1) estimate the temporal distribution of water erosion in the Seyhan River Basin, (2) assess the spatial distribution of SOC and (3) estimate the depletion of SOC through soil erosion using the Pan-European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment model, a physically based, regionally scaled soil erosion model. The annual amount of soil eroded from the Seyhan River Basin is estimated to be 7.8million tonnes per hectare (tha–1year–1). The amount of fertile soil loss from agricultural areas is ~1.2million tonnes per year. The maximum amount of soil erosion occurs in maintenance scrubland and degraded forest areas, contributing to 68% of erosion, followed by that in agricultural land, contributing to 27% of erosion, with the remaining in forests and urban areas.

scholarly journals Cartographic analysis of the distribution of degraded lands (on the example of the Рoltava region)

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Serhii Lashko ◽  
Inna Shelkovska ◽  
Nadiia Halchenko ◽  
Olena Klyuka
Keyword(s):  
Land Degradation ◽  
Wind Erosion ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
River Network ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Degraded Land ◽  
Degraded Lands ◽  
Significant Difference

Cartographic analysis can be considered as one of the means of the land monitoringsystem, in particular, by the distribution of degradation processes. The work is proposed to createfor regions of cartogram of total distribution of degraded agricultural land and cartograms offraction of agricultural lands that have undergone water and wind erosion, acidification, salinization,with indispensable drawing on these cartograms of the river network scheme.  The zoning of the Poltava region is presented and analyzed in terms of the total distribution ofdegraded agricultural land, as well as separately by the particles of water, wind erosion,acidification, salinization.According to the relative distribution of degraded agricultural lands (without taking intoaccount the overlap of various types of degradation) within the Poltava region, there are 2 groups ofdistricts of increased land degradation: 1) northern (covers 7 districts – Pyriatyn, Chornukhy, Lubny,Lokhvytsia, Myrhorod, Hadiach, Zinkiv) and 2) southeastern (covers 3 districts – Kobeliaky, NoviSanzhary and Mashivka).Water erosion is inherent in districts with significant difference in heights and largest forestcover. This is primarily Dykanka, Zinkiv, Reshetylivka districts (watershed between rivers of Psel andVorskla), Lokhvytsia and Chornukhy districts (watershed between rivers of Sula and Udai) and theChutove district (watershed between rivers of Vorskla and Orel). Wind erosion covers predominantlynorthwestern, north and southeastern districts – Pyriatyn, Chornukhy, Hrebinka, Lokhvytsia,Hadiach, Mashivka, Novi Sanzhary.Cartograms of distribution of degraded land are supplemented by the river network on them.The method of their creation is described. The cartographic method is substantiated by theinterconnection of the districts of increased acidification of soils with basins of the rivers Udai andVorskla, and the districts of minimum acidification of soils – with the basin of the river Khorol.Salinization of soils of the Poltava region should be associated, obviously not with superficial,and with groundwater. In the future, it is recommended to use for a cartographic analysis of thedistribution of degraded lands additionally maps of groundwater hydroisogyps.

scholarly journals Effect of land set up systems on soil losses

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-314
Author(s):  
Marco Napoli ◽  
Filiberto Altobelli ◽  
Simone Orlandini
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Steep Slopes

Agricultural land set up systems comprise those agronomic structures able to preserve the soil fertility from water erosion, such as: ditching, contouring, earth-riser and stonewall terracing, draining, and channelization, etc.. However, in the past 60 years, agricultural mechanization has led to an expansion of the field size and reduction in land set up system intensity to make machine operation more feasible and cheaper. As a consequence, these transformations have made sloping fields less resilient to the storms and accelerated the soil erosion processes. Based on an 8- year field study in ‘Chianti Classico’ area (Tuscany, Central Italy), this research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the land set up systems such as diversion ditch, earth-riser and stonewall terracing on reducing water erosion from field crops, olive orchards, and vineyards. The results showed that diversion ditches were effective on herbaceous crop fields with slope steepness lower than 9%. While, for higher slopes, diversion ditches were not sufficient to contain the soil loss within OECD 2008 tolerable limits in none of the considered land uses. On the opposite, in steep slopes, earth-riser terraces and stonewall terraces have shown their value as land set up system capable of reducing the erosive process. Their greatest drawback is the reduction of the cultivable surface deriving from the presence of the riser and the walls. However, their added value as a precious element characterizing the local landscape was of considerable importance for the local economy linked to tourism.

Role of support practices for minimizing the vulnerability of land degradation in sub-tropical India: positive and negative impacts on land resources

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabin Chakrabortty ◽  
Subodh Chandra Pal
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Acacia Auriculiformis ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Structural Measures ◽  
Support Practices

&lt;p&gt;In the period of globalization, India a subtropical region, presently facing the acute problem of land degradation and it has severe impact on earth ecosystem as well as economy in defectively. Where India is a most populated agricultural based country, need a large volume of food grain production to control starvation condition with balancing between the need of the population and production yield. Though the conversion of fallow and forest cover area to agricultural land is increasing day by day but due to the people&amp;#8217;s daily needs and rapid growth of settlement is capturing productive land and ultimately amount of agricultural land remains in static. Thus, such consequent processes are declining soil fertility and land degradation have been witnessed in different forms of erosion as like sheet, rills, gullies, ravines etc. with the passage of time non tillage farming practices are accreting by replacing the tillage farming for maximizing the rate of production which causes the large scale soil erosion and make a source of sedimentation. The government and local stakeholders are already taken some initiatives for reduction of land degradation by some support practices with considering both structural and non-structural measures. The structural measures especially the engineering construction (check dam, percolation tank etc.) are installed or constructed without considering eco-centric approach.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The current research work has focused the light to evaluate the positive and negative impact of support practices on land resources. This study is mainly conducted on the basis of empirical field observation in different parts of the India. For reducing the rate of soil erosion, the plantation programme has been initiated and still going on as an accepted scheme. This valuable programme has been committed through the plantation of traditional vegetation and external species (Acacia auriculiformis, Eucalyptus globulus). The introduction of external species which are not only changing the properties of soil but also demolishing the soil fertility and soil moisture to cause land degradation. The local administrations are providing this type of external species for plantation programme without making the consciousness about the heath of environment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key Words&lt;/strong&gt;: subtropical region; conversion of fallow; land degradation; structural measures; plantation programme&lt;/p&gt;

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