WATER EROSION AND STRUGGLE MEASURES AGAINST IT

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8(77)) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Ulkar Zakir Akbarova
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Erosion Process ◽  
Flood Water ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Structural Composition

The factors causing water erosion have been investigated, an influence of erosion on soil fertility, agrophysical and agrochemical features, complications and economic losses, and also measures against erosion have been offered in this article. It was known that the last results of the erosion process was vividly shown in plants productivity. So, in areas where erosion is developing the plants productivity is 2-5 times lower in comparison with the areas where erosion isnꞌt observed and areas which are cultivated with the high agrotechnical rules. Thus, the agriculture suffers damage. During the research the raindrops and irrigation erosion were widely investigated. It was determined that as a result of the raindrops erosion the soil structure is obliterated, porosity decreases, penetration of water and air into the soil becomes difficult. To prevent from raindrops erosion it is recommended to determine rainfall quantity and intensity on seasons and to provide coverage of soil with the plant. It was determined that the zone slope, granulometric and structural composition, coverage percentage, not following the irrigation norms and rules caused formation and development of irrigation erosion. The research results show that while an amount of the muddy flow is 51,40 g/l in one liter of the flood water, this quantity is 43,50 g/l in the area, where the water consumption is 2,5 l/sec., it is 30,10 g/sec. in 2 l/sec. of water consumption.

scholarly journals SOIL STRUCTURE AND HARDNESS CHANGE RESULTING FROM THE DEPTH OF A TRACTOR TRACK UNDER DIFFERENT WHEEL DRIVE TOWING STRENGTH

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Олег Черников ◽  
Oleg Chernikov ◽  
Александр Быченин ◽  
Aleksandr Bychenin ◽  
Дмитрий Сазонов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Layer Depth ◽  
Structural Composition ◽  
Soil Hardness ◽  
Wheel Drive ◽  
Hardness Change ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the research is to reduce the influence of wheel propellers on the structure and hardness of the soil in the track of the tractor. The technique and results of the study of the impact of the drive wheels of the power tool of the machine-tractor unit (MTA) on the structure and hardness of the soil in the layers of the horizon are presented. The influence of slipping on these indicators is revealed. The research has been of MTA consisting of a tractor of drawbar category 0,6 kN (T-25A) and trailed cultivator KPS-4,0. The method of investigation involved the determination of changes in the structural composition of the soil (DS parameter,%) by the number of erosion-hazardous (less than 0.25 mm in size) particles, as well as soil hardness (DN parameter, kg/cm2) on the track of the tractor in different layers of the horizon (0...50 mm; 50...100 mm; 100...150 mm; 150...200 mm and 200...250 mm). The slipping mode was changed by changing the number of working sections of the cultivator. The slipping of the driving wheels was taken into account, as well as the agronomic background. The studies were carried out in conditions of equal humidity. The speed of MTA, its weight and the air pressure in the tires of the drive wheels is maintained constant. It is established that the greatest change in the structure of the soil on the layers of the horizon is exposed when slipping δ=20...30%. To change the hardness of this range is also the least favorable. The obtained dependences of the structure and hardness of the soil on the layers of the horizon from slipping allow us to recognize the rational modes of MTA work, in which the slipping of the propelling power means is in the range of 9 to 12% regardless of from the soil fertility. Slipping over 12% leads to a sharp increase in the soil structure of the number of erosion-hazardous particles, as well as an increase in the hardness of the soil in the track of the tractor in 3,4 ... 3,7 times in the layer depth of 50 ... 100 mm.

scholarly journals Spatial analysis of Samara region land degradation and differentiation of antierosion territory organization

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 00142
Author(s):  
E. V. Samokhvalova ◽  
S. N. Zudilin ◽  
O. A. Lavrennikova
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Degradation Factor ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Factor Coefficient

In the research, a spatial analysis of the degradation of Samara region agricultural land with the assessment of economic losses due to water erosion is carried out. A map chart of the distribution of districts with different degrees of erosion has also been developed. The values of the degradation factor coefficient and economic losses due to the influence of erosion processes are calculated. The key points of antierosion territory organization and land regulation depending on landscape nature and kind of damage are represented. The plan of action for the antierosion territory organization of a farm in Kinelsky district is proposed and its effectiveness to stop and prevent erosion processes, as well as for rational use of land and increase soil fertility is shown.

scholarly journals Metrological performance of single-jet water meters over time

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Carmen Virginia Palau ◽  
Juan Manzano ◽  
Iban Balbastre Peralta ◽  
Benito Moreira de Azevedo ◽  
Guilherme Vieira do Bomfim
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Metrological Operation ◽  
Operation Period ◽  
Single Jet ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Over Time

To maintain quality measurement of water consumption, it is necessary to know the metrology of single-jet water meters over time. Knowing the accuracy of these instruments over time allows establishing a metrological operation period for different flow rates. This will aid water companies to optimize management and reduce economic losses due to unaccounted water consumption. This study analyzed the influence of time on the measurement error of single-jet water meters to evaluate the deterioration of the equipment and, with that, launch the metrological operation period. According to standards 8316 and 4064 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 808 meters of metrological Class B were evaluated in six water supplies, with age ranges of 3.7 to 16.4 years of use. The measurement error was estimated by comparing the volume measured in a calibrated tank with the volume registered by the meters at flow rates of 30, 120, 750 and 1,500 L h-1. The metrological operation period of the meters was obtained for each flow rate by the relation between error of measurement and time of use (simple linear regression). According to the results, the majority of the equipment presents increasing under-registration errors over time, more pronounced at low flow rates and with less favorable operating conditions. The metrological operation period for flow rates of 30, 120, 750 and 1,500 L h-1 is estimated at approximately 3, 8, 14 and 13 years. This operation period combined with consumption patterns of users will establish the best time to replace the meters.

scholarly journals Uses of different techniques for the production of sustainable soil and food

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahrish Khan ◽  
Abdul Waris
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Plant Disease Management

Due to increase in the population which is estimated that the human papulation will increased 9.7 billion in 2050. There is also increase the demands of the food productions. That’s why there is need to solve the problems regarding to the production of the food. Major problem of the food production is the shortage of the land due to the low and bad soil structure and quality of the soil. Soil erosion is one of the main issue which is caused  due to the used of different chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers which are mainly used for the  plant growth and protection but they are the main reasons of the production of the pollution in the soil. There is need of the different new technology for the improvement of the soil structure, quality, its fertility and decontamination of pollution from the soil which are eco-friendly to the environment and have no adverse effect. In this study the role of the different techniques in which genetic engineering, Nano technologies, soil and crop management strategies, integrated pest control management strategies, sustainable remediation techniques, microbial management strategies and the different management stairgates. All these techniques aim to the production of the plants and microbes which are effective against plant disease management. The aim of the use nano agrochemicals and nano sensors for sensing environmental and pathogen conditions against disease management. The aim of the paper to provide the production of the disease resistance plant and the provide balanced nutrients supplements to the soil for the improvement of the soil condition and its fertility. These techniques have economic importance due to the use of the nano agrochemicals which are low cost and have effective and reduce the use of the chemicals substances which have negative effect on the  soil fertility.. There are sustainable remediations techniques also discussed which are used for the decontamination of the soil pollution. In this study the main focus on the improve and increase soil fertility which enhance the growth of the plants as well the production of the crop production. The production of the stress and degradation resistance microbes which is important factor for the protection of the soil from degradation or contamination. All the techniques which are used in this paper have no adverse effect they are helpful in the tolerance of the stress conditions.

scholarly journals Soil fertility changes following conversion of grassland to oil palm

Soil Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 698 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Nelson ◽  
M. Banabas ◽  
S. Nake ◽  
I. Goodrick ◽  
M. J. Webb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
Mg Content

Impacts of palm oil industry expansion on biodiversity and greenhouse gas emissions might be mitigated if future plantings replace grassland rather than forest. However, the trajectory of soil fertility following planting of oil palm on grasslands is unknown. We assessed the changes in fertility of sandy volcanic ash soils (0–0.15 m depth) in the first 25 years following conversion of grassland to oil palm in smallholder blocks in Papua New Guinea, using a paired-site approach (nine sites). There were significant decreases in soil pH (from pH 6.1 to 5.7) and exchangeable magnesium (Mg) content following conversion to oil palm but no significant change in soil carbon (C) contents. Analyses to 1.5 m depth at three sites indicated little change in soil properties below 0.5 m. There was considerable variability between sites, despite them being in a similar landscape and having similar profile morphology. Soil Colwell phosphorus (P) and exchangeable potassium (K) contents decreased under oil palm at sites with initially high contents of C, nitrogen, Colwell P and exchangeable cations. We also assessed differences in soil fertility between soil under oil palm (established after clearing forest) and adjacent forest at two sites. At those sites, there was significantly lower soil bulk density, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable calcium, Mg and K under oil palm, but the differences may have been due to less clayey texture at the oil palm sites than the forest sites. Cultivation of oil palm maintained soil structure and fertility in the desirable range, indicating that it is a sustainable endeavour in this environment.

scholarly journals Mountain Hunting Land Lands of the Best Sirvan Region the Effects of the Erosion Process on Municipality (in the Case of Shamakhi Region)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 2782-2787
Author(s):  
Prof.Rans ZH.Aliyev
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Erosion Process ◽  
Greater Caucasus ◽  
Grain Crops

The aim of the study is to investigate the erosion of degraded brown soils used mainly under grain crops in the Shamakhi region, south-east of the Greater Caucasus, and erosion of moderately eroded species to the soil fertility parameters

scholarly journals Ways to Reduce Water Erosion on Mountainous Slope Lands

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
V B Zaalishvili ◽  
S Kh Dzanagov ◽  
S A Bekuzarova ◽  
M Sh Gaplaev ◽  
E A Tsagaraeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Fertility Preservation ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Perennial Herbs ◽  
Soil Losses

The most important problem in the highland area is the development of technologies to reduce water erosion and improve soil fertility preservation. In order to restore degraded soils of slope lands, a number of measure is undertaken, among them planting crops across the slope and rational fertilizer treatment. To reduce erosion processes, mineral fertilizers were applied depending on the steepness of slope. High sections with the steepness of 9–10∘ received ammonium sulphate in a quantity of 60 kg/ha. Lower part of the slope with the steepness of 5–7∘ received ammonia nitrate as a nitrogen fertilizer in a quantity of 80 kg/ha, while the gentle sloping part with 2–5∘ had urea-formaldehyde fertilizer incorporated under winter tillage in a quantity of 50 kg/ha. At that, stripes were formed across the slope where tall-growing perennial herbs were planted: hill mustard (Bunias orentalis L.), silphium (Silphium perfaliatum), Eastern galega (Galeqa orientalis L.), cock’s foot grass (Dakfilis qlamerata L.). The research results have shown that thanks to fertilizers, yield of crops increases by a factor of 1.5–2, while soil losses reduced from 0.042 to 0.018 t/ha.

scholarly journals Pengaruh kombinasi jamur Trichoderma harzianum dan bokashi terhadap pertumbuhan tiga kultivar kedelai

Kultivasi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosiman Rosiman ◽  
Sumadi Sumadi ◽  
Meddy Rachmadi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Two Factors

AbstrakPupuk Bokashi dapat meningkatkan kesuburan tanah melalui pembentukan agregat tanah sehingga dapat memperbaiki struktur tanah. Penambahan Trichoderna harzianum pada bokashi dapat mempercepat proses dekomposisi, menjaga kesuburan media, dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kombinasi Trichoderma harzianum dan pupuk bokashi untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil tiga kultivar kedelai. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) pada dua faktor terhadap tiga kultivar kedelai (Ringgit, Wilis, dan Anjasmoro) dengan kombinasi Trichoderma harzianum dan Bokashi 0 t/ha, 5 t/ha, 10 t/ha, dan 15 t/ha. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas kombinasi Trichoderma harzianum dan bokashi pada pertumbuhan dan hasil tergantung pada masing-masing kultivar. dosis kombinasi 5 t/ha Trichoderma harzianum dan bokashi dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil kultivar Ringgit, Wilis dan Anjasmoro.Kata Kunci: Trichoderma harziaum, bokashi, pertumbuhan, kedelai AbstractBokashi fertilizer can increase soil fertility through the formation of soil aggregates so that it can improve soil structure. The addition of Trichoderna harzianum to bokashi can accelerate the decomposition process, maintain media fertility, and increase plant growth. This study aimed to evaluate the combination of Trichoderma harzianum and bokashi fertilizer to increase the growth and yield of three soybean cultivars. The study used Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors: three soybean cultivars (Ringgit, Wilis, and Anjasmoro) and combination of Trichoderma harzianum and Bokashi 0 t/ha, 5 t/ha, 10 t/ha, and 15 t/ha. The results of this study indicated that the effectiveness of the combination of Trichoderma harzianum and bokashi on growth and yield depends on each cultivar. The combined dose of 5 t/ha Trichoderma harzianum and bokashi could increase the growth and yield of cultivar Ringgit, Wilis and Anjasmoro.Keywords: Trichoderma harzianum, bokashi, growth, soybean

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