scholarly journals Realization of the text category of modality in Germanic languages (as exemplified in German and English stories)

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 21011
Author(s):  
Irina Belyaeva ◽  
Irina Bondarenko ◽  
Irina Elistratova ◽  
Maria Zakarova
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Frequency Characteristics ◽  
Language Group ◽  
Language Family ◽  
European Language ◽  
Germanic Languages

In this article the authors studied how the TEXT CATEGORY OF MODALITY can be expressed by grammatical and lexical language features possessed by Germanic branch of Indo-European language family. As a subject of study we chose two primary languages in this group - English and German - functioning in short stories. Through the method of segmental text analysis as well as statistical method conducted on English and German short stories it has been discovered that despite some frequency characteristics’ differences in the text category of modality in English and German, both languages, however, have estimately the same number of features for the formation of modal architectonics in the literary text which is explained by the fact that both languages used for the study belong to the same language group. This article confirms the authors’ theory about common and invariant characteristics of the text modality expressed in the stories being formed under the influence of the text’s genre types - specifically having two narrative systems: author’s plan and characters’ plan. Specific aspects of the modality pictures discovered during this study are shown in the summary tables.

scholarly journals The influence of parity judgement on the derivation process from the numerals ‘one’ and ‘two’

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Language Group ◽  
European Language ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Ancient People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Derivation Process

The purpose of this research paper is to describe the relationship between the binary thinking of ancient people and the formation of the concept of number. The objects of the study are paleographic, ethno-psychological and biological studies examining the development of the counting principles and quantitative thinking of primitive men. The subject of the study are the numbers ’one’ and ‘two’, as well as their forms and derivatives in Germanic languages. The analyzed studies allow to conclude that the development of the first numerals derives from dual thinking, which is based on the ability to divide the whole into parts. The close connection to the surrounding world and the inborn parity judgement of some individuals in the Upper Paleolithic Period generates the first two numbers, hence numerals in the Proto Indo-European language. Both originate from one root, the form of which can be traced to the Proto Indo-European word ‘kwa’ as a part of the whole, i.e. two hands. Starting with the ultimate meaning of binary unified entity it split first into ‘part and whole’. Later the meaning branched even more (symmetry, completeness, contradiction, branching, merging, union, sameness, equality, repetitiveness, sequence, coherence, excessiveness, addition), creating diachronically countless derivatives of the initial ‘one’ and ‘two'. The binary nature of the Indo-European thinking had an effect on both everyday life and the religion, which was implemented in a later, pre-literate period and has been corroborated by archaeological finds. The rudimentary traces of primitive binary thinking are reflected in the contemporary realia and can be found in all languages of the Indoeuropean language group. The further research will cover the influence of the paired unity by fractionation on the allocation of subsequent numericals.

Indo-European and common Germanic roots of the preterito-presentia verbs

2018 ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
А. В. Боцман ◽  
І. М. Моренець
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Language Group ◽  
Old High German ◽  
Language Family ◽  
European Language ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Old Saxon ◽  
Historical Approach

The article addresses the Indo-European and common Germanic roots of the preterito-presentia verbs. The words of the ancient Indian, Greek, Latin, Old Slavonic, Lithuanian, Gothic, Old English, Old High German, Old Saxon, and Old English languages are analysed within the framework of the comparative-historical approach. The analysis is carried out on the phonological, morphological and semantic levels. The main attention is paid to the discovery of common latent archaic roots that were obscured in the process of historical development and the separation of the Germanic language group from the rest of the Indo-European language family.

Elementy poetyki ludowej w powieści Rzeczy uprzyjemniające. Utopia T. Bołdak-Janowskiej

2020 ◽  
pp. 182-197
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Goral
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
The One ◽  
Cultural Features

The aim of the article is to analyse the elements of folk poetics in the novel Pleasant things. Utopia by T. Bołdak-Janowska. The category of folklore is understood in a rather narrow way, and at the same time it is most often used in critical and literary works as meaning a set of cultural features (customs and rituals, beliefs and rituals, symbols, beliefs and stereotypes) whose carrier is the rural folk. The analysis covers such elements of the work as place, plot, heroes, folk system of values, folk rituals, customs, and symbols. The description is conducted based on the analysis of source material as well as selected works in the field of literary text analysis and ethnolinguistics. The analysis shows that folk poetics was creatively associated with the elements of fairy tales and fantasy in the studied work, and its role consists of – on the one hand – presenting the folk world represented and – on the other – presenting a message about the meaning of human existence.

SYSTEM OF PARTICIPLES IN THE OSSETIAN LANGUAGE COMPARED TO THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
З.И. Годизова ◽  
Д.В. Габисова
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Language Family ◽  
European Language ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Imperfective Aspect ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Conversion Transition

Актуальность предпринятого исследования обусловлена тем, что причастие в современном осетинском языке не привлекало активного внимания ученых, имеются лишь общие описания причастий, а специальные исследования, посвященные причастиям, практически отсутствуют. Представляется интересным и актуальным сравнение системы причастий и их грамматических особенностей в осетинском и русском языках. Этот интерес обусловлен принадлежностью сопоставляемых языков к общей индоевропейской семье языков, а также тесным их взаимодействием в условиях двуязычия, что, очевидно, может отразиться и на системе причастий. Научная новизна данной статьи заключается в том, что в ней исследуются грамматические особенности всех разрядов причастий в осетинском языке в сопоставлении с русским языком. На основании проведенного анализа установлено, что в современном осетинском языке система причастий включает пять разрядов, разнообразных в своих грамматических проявлениях, в степени регулярности, в склонности переходить в состав других частей речи. Выявлены наиболее значительные отличия осетинских причастий от русских: существование причастий будущего времени в системе осетинского языка, отсутствие у причастий показателей времени и залога, а также именных грамматических категорий (падежа, числа, рода). Установлено также, что в осетинском языке категория вида в большей степени управляет категорией времени, в силу чего несовершенный вид причастий предполагает только настоящее время, а совершенный только прошедшее отсутствует четкая залоговая оппозиция причастий в осетинском языке. Определено также, что осетинские причастия не имеют членных (полных) форм, но функционируют в роли и сказуемого, и определения, хотя в большей степени тяготеют к предикативной роли. В осетинском языке причастия гораздо менее употребительны сравнительно с причастиями в русском языке и чаще вступают в отношения грамматической омонимии с другими частями речи. The relevance of the undertaken study is determined by the fact that participles in the modern Ossetian language are still insufficiently studied. There are only the most general descriptions of grammar features of participles. The comparison of the system of participles and their grammar features seems interesting and actual, especially considering the fact that the Ossetian and Russian languages belong to different groups of the Indo-European language family. Furthermore, in the context of bilingualism the Russian and Ossetian languages interact actively and that can affect the system of participles. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the fact that it examines the grammatical features of all categories of participles in the Ossetian language in comparison with the Russian language. The conducted research allowed to elicit five categories in the system of participles in the modern Ossetian language. The analysis of the results showed the participles are diverse in their grammatical characteristics, in the degree of regularity, and in the tendency to transition into other parts of speech. The research defined the most significant differences between Ossetian and Russian participles: existence of future participles in the system of the Ossetian language absence of adjectival grammar categories of gender, number and case as well as formal markers of tense and voice in Ossetian participles. The tense category in Ossetian subordinates to the aspect category to a far greater extent therefore the imperfective aspect of participles accepts the present tense forms only, while perfective acts in the past tense forms Ossetian participles lack explicit voice opposition. Ossetian participles do not have full forms, but they can have syntactic functions of both the predicate and the attribute in a sentence, although the predicative function is more typical for them. Participles in the Ossetian language are much less common compared to participles in Russian and are more disposed to conversion (transition to the category of nouns, verbal adverbs, adjectives, words of the state category).

scholarly journals FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE DISCURSIVE APPROACH OF THE LITERARY TEXT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN THE ENGLISH CLASSROOM

InterConf ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 237-245
Author(s):  
Tatiana Lașcu
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
English Classroom ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
Discursive Approach

The paper presents an analysis of the basic principles which govern the discursive approach of the literary text. The discursive approach covers both the internal and external aspects, a fact which promotes a new and more complex analysis of the literary text. Thus, the specific methodological principles which rule the process of developing the English communicative competence through the discursive approach are as follows: pragmasemantic principle of the literary text, dialogic principle of the text analysis, principle of intertextuality, principle of interpretative cooperation, principle of intercultural communication.

scholarly journals A Geographical Overview of Language Family

2017 ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Sanjin Grgic
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Diffusion Of Innovations ◽  
English Word ◽  
Language Family ◽  
European Language ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Cultural Diffusion ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
The World ◽  
Common Variable

Language is a mean of communication among people including speech, writing, and singing. Language is an important factor in geographical diversity. The English word language drives from the Indo-European. Language is the human ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication. The scientific study of language is called linguistic. Language is a strong element of culture. "Language is a systematic means of communicating ideas and feeling by the use of conventionalized sings, gestures, marks or especially articulate vocal sounds”. At present 5-6, thousands of languages are present in the world. Between them 1200, languages are present in Africa and 600 languages in India. Language provides the single most common variable by which cultural groups are identified. Language provides the main means by which learned customs and skills pass from one generation to the next. Facilitates cultural diffusion of innovations. Because languages vary spatially, they reinforce the sense of region and place. Study of language called linguistic geography and geolinguistics by geographers.

KORESPONDENSI FONEMIS ENAM KATA KERABAT BAHASA INDONESIA, BAHASA MELAYU KELANTAN, BAHASA MELAYU PATANI, DAN BAHASA SUNDA

Metahumaniora ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Wahya Wahya ◽  
Suhaila Arong
Keyword(s):  
Language Group ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rain Data ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

AbstrakBahasa Indonesia, bahasa Melayu Kelantan, bahasa Melayu Patani, dan bahasa Sunda merupakan bahasa kerabat. Keempat bahasa tersebut termasuk rumpun bahasa Austronesia. Ketiga bahasa pertama, yaitu bahasa Indonesia, Melayu Kelantan, dan  Melayu Patani termasuk kelompok bahasa Melayu, sedangkan bahasa Sunda tidak termasuk bahasa Melayu. Bahasa Indonesia dan Sunda terdapat di Indonesia. Bahasa Melayu Kelantan terdapat di Malaysia. Bahasa Melayu Patani terdapat di Thailand. Sebagai bahasa kerabat rumpun Austronesia, keempat bahasa memiliki  kosakata  yang diwariskan dari bahasa yang lebih tua. Ciri-ciri adanya pewarisan tersebut dapat diamati pada kosakata yang memiliki persamaan atau kemiripan bentuk dan makna.  Masalah yang dibahas adalah korespondensi fonemis apa yang menunjukkan perbedaan kata kerabat yang diperoleh dari hasil membandingkan  kata kerabat pada enam glos dari empat bahasa sampel yang diteliti. Dalam tulisan ini diambil enam kata sampel bahasa Indonesia sebagai glos dari 200 glos kosakata dasar Swadesh, yaitu hapus,  hati, hidup, hijau, hitam, dan hujan. Data bersumber dari kamus dan informan. Dari hasil penelitian  terhadap kata kerabat untuk enam glos tersebut diperoleh sembilan perangkat korespondensi fonemis, yaitu (a)  /h ~ ø/ , (b) /s ~ h/, (c) /i ~ ɛ/, (d) /d ~ r/, (e) /p ~ k/, (f) /aw ~ a ~ ɔ/ , (g) /am ~ őŋ ~ ɛ/, dan (h) /-an ~ --ɛ/. Selanjutnya, setiap korespondensi fonemis tersebut menghasilkan pengelompokan bahasa yang memperlihatkan pemilik unsur bahasa yang terdapat pada korespondensi fonemis tersebut dan jika dilakukan rekonstruksi, pengelompokan bahasa tersebutmenunjukkan pencabangan dari bahasa yang lebih tua yang telah menurunkannya.Kata kunci: rumpun bahasa, kata kerabat, korespondensi fonemis, pewarisan. AbstractIndonesian, Kelantan Malay, Patani Malay, and Sundanese are kin languages. The four languages include the Austronesian language family. The first three languages, namely Indonesian, Kelantan Malay, and Patani Malay belong to the Malay language group, while Sundanese does not include Malay. Indonesian and Sundanese are found in Indonesia. Kelantan Malay is found in Malaysia. Patani Malay is found in Thailand. As the languages of relatives of Austronesian families, all four languages have vocabulary inherited from older languages. The characteristics of inheritance can be observed in vocabulary that has similarities or similarities in form and meaning. The problem discussed is the phonemic correspondence of what shows the difference in relative words obtained from the results of comparing relative words in the six glossos of the four sample languages studied. In this paper six Indonesian sample words are taken as glossos from 200 basic Swadesh vocabulary words, namely erase, heart, life, green, black, and rain. Data sourced from dictionaries and informants. From the results of research on the word relatives for the six glossos obtained nine phonemic correspondence sets, namely (a) / h ~ ø /, (b) / s ~ h /, (c) / i ~ ɛ /, (d) / d ~ r /, (e) / p ~ k /, (f) / aw ~ a ~ ɔ /, (g) / am ~ őŋ ~ ɛ /, and (h) / -an ~ --ɛ /. Furthermore, each phonemic correspondence results in a grouping of languages that shows the owner of the language elements contained in the phonemic correspondence and if a reconstruction is made, the grouping of languages shows the branching of older languages which has derived it.Keywords: language family, word relatives, phonemic correspondence, inheritance

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