scholarly journals Invasion of Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. in the hay and pasture meadows of the Greater Caucasus: modeling of the current and predicted distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
Rustam Pshegusov ◽  
Khusen Nazranov ◽  
Victoria Chadayeva ◽  
Beslan Nazranov

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers is a North American invasive species that invades hay meadows and pastures from the plain to the high mountainous zone of the Caucasus. Leads to a decrease in biodiversity and forage value of meadows. Predictive modeling using the MaxEnt method showed that at present, in the valleys of large rivers of the Caucasus, there are significant areas potentially suitable for the growth of this species (only 10.4 thousand km2). The spatial distribution of E. annuus is limited by the wind speed in January (no more than 2.6 m/s), the maximum temperature in April (13-16 °C), the amount of precipitation in the wettest months (80-100 mm) and quarter (240-260 mm). In accordance with the predicted trends of climatic changes, by 2050 the total area of habitats suitable for the species may be doubled (up to 20.3 km2).

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Bárcenas-Reyes ◽  
Diana Paulina Nieves-Martínez ◽  
José Quintín Cuador-Gil ◽  
Elizabeth Loza-Rubio ◽  
Sara González-Ruíz ◽  
...  

Spatial epidemiology of bat-transmitted rabies in cattle has been limited to spatial distribution of cases, an approach that does not identify hidden patterns and the spread resulting in outbreaks in endemic and susceptible areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the three variables average annual maximum, annual minimum temperature and precipitation in the region on the one hand, and the spatial distribution of cases on the other, using geographic information systems and co-Kriging considering that these environmental variables condition the existence of the rabies vector Desmodus rotundus. A stationary behaviour between the primary and the secondary variables was verified by basic statistics and moving window statistics. The directions of greater and lesser spatial continuity were determined by experimental cross-semivariograms. It was found that the highest risk for bovine paralytic rabies occurs in areas known as La Huasteca Potosina and La Sierra Gorda that are characterized by a maximum temperature of 29.5 °C, a minimum temperature of 16.5 °C and precipitation of 1200 mm. A risk estimation map was obtained for the presence of rabies with a determination coefficient greater than 95%, and a correlation coefficient greater than 0.95. Our conclusion is that ordinary co- Kriging provides a better estimation of risk and spatial distribution of rabies than simple Kriging, making this the method recommended for risk estimation and regional distribution of rabies.


Rangelands ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel T. Kohl ◽  
Mark Hebblewhite ◽  
Shawn M. Cleveland ◽  
Ragan M. Callaway

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Dmitriev

В статье исследуется связь объектной зоны этнографической науки, народной традиционной культуры и историко-культурного наследия как формы современной актуализации культуры прошлого. В качестве модели этнографического изучения культурного наследия рассматриваются последствия для региональной культуры народов Северного Кавказа деятельности местной трассы Великого шелкового пути самой крупной евразийской трассы эпохи Древности и Средневековья. Основой подхода является представление региональных участков трасс великих путей Евразии как культургеоценозов, сложение культурного наследия в которых имеет как местные корни, так и последствия их включения в большой культургеоценоз Великого шелкового пути. В пределах региональной культуры народов Северного Кавказа такими культургеоценозами признаются части ареалов шелководства и шелкоткачества на Кавказе и крупные ареалы высокогорья (область башенных памятников Большого Кавказа) и предгорий Северного Кавказа (районы, входившие в социально-политическое пространство Великой Черкесии).The article discusses the relationship between folk traditional culture and historical and cultural heritage as a form of contemporary actualization of the culture of the past. The results of the activities of the local route of the Great Silk Road for the regional culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus are regarded as a model for an ethnographic study of cultural heritage. The basis of the approach is the presentation of regional sections of the routes of the great roads of Eurasia as culture geocenoses. The formation of cultural heritage in such culture geocenoses has both local roots and consequences of their inclusion in the large culture geocenosis of the Great Silk Road. Within the regional culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus such geocenoses are parts of the silkgrowing and silkweaving areas of the Caucasus, large areas of high mountains (the area of handicraft sites of mountainous Dagestan and the area of tower monuments of the Greater Caucasus) and the foothills of the North Caucasus (areas included in the sociopolitical space of Great Circassia). Sericulture in the northern part of the Caucasus was the occupation of the population of the forested foothills of the Greater Caucasus, but at the end of the 19th century the population of West Adyg and Abkhaz lands were excluded from this occupation. From the Caspian Sea to Kabarda, inclusive, the craft of weaving womens shawls with silk threads was spread. Printed fabrics and patterned textile materials came to the North Caucasus from the South Caucasian urban centers mainly located near the Caspian Sea. At the same time, part of the population of the region of the NorthEastern Caucasus steadily specialized in the production of silkworm eggs. The internal roads of Dagestan associated with the route of the Great Silk Road have played a historic role in the promotion of stimulating cultural impulses into the economic life of the highlanders. This may explain the concentration of settlements in mountainous Dagestan, whose population specialized in various types of artistic craft. Indirect evidence of the involvement of internal Dagestan in the channels of distribution and accumulation of samples of imported silk in the Caucasus is the socalled phenomenon Kaytag embroidery. The formation of the area of North Caucasian towers is associated with climatic and political changes in the region, characteristic of the final period of its inclusion in the section of the Great Silk Road. The article makes an assumption about the dependence of the genesis of the socioeconomic specifics of Great Circassia on the need to preserve the previous trade relations in the era that followed the cessation of the functioning of the Great Silk Road in the Caucasus.


Author(s):  
Т.В. Гиоргобиани ◽  
Д.П. Закарая

В статье рассмотрена складчатая структура Большого Кавказа в пересечении ущелья р. Ксани, которая все еще недостаточно изучена. Вместе с тем исследование складчатости Большого Кавказа имеет решающее значение для выяснения условий формирования современной складчатой структуры региона. Цель работы. Установление важных особенностей складчатости Большого Кавказа необходимых для выявления причин и механизмов образования его структуры, представляющих еще не до конца решенную проблему. Методика исследований заключалась в весьма детальной зарисовке складчатости региона вдоль ущелья р. Ксани в масштабе 1:1000, что позволяло фиксировать все особенности изучаемой структуры. Составленный при полевых исследованиях разрез был уменьшен до 1:50000 масштаба. Полученный геолого-структурный профиль достаточно полно и точно отражает основные черты структурного строения региона. Результаты. В изученном разрезе установлен ряд новых важных особенностей складчатой структуры, сложенной из мезозойско-кайнозойских толщ. Выяснена многопорядковость и разновозрастность складчатых структур и их субширотное простирание. Структуры первого порядка являются более ранними складками и представлены асимметричными наклоненными на юг сильно сжатыми складками, шириной 1–3 км. Более поздние складки высоких порядков, осложняющие крупные структуры, тоже тесно сжаты, асимметричны и характеризуются падением осей складок на север. Размер их колеблется в широких пределах − от 0.5 м до нескольких десятков метров. Субширотная ориентировка складчатости указывает на то, что она сформировалась в другой обстановке деформации, чем основная северо-западная структура Большого Кавказа. Обсуждение результатов и выводы. Установленный характер складчатости свидетельствует о различном генезисе структур в процессе двухэтапной разноплановой деформации региона. Выяснено, что на первом доверхнеорогенном этапе дислокации (юра-средний миоцен) Кавказ испытал северо-восточное тангенциальное сжатие, вызванное придвиганием и прижатием Черноморско-Закавказского микроконтинента к Большому Кавказу. В результате в регионе была сформирована основная линейная складчатая структура северо-западного простирания, крупные региональные разломы и слоевой кливаж. На втором позднеорогенном этапе деформации (поздний миоцен-антропоген) складчатая структура Большого Кавказа испытывала косое субмеридиональное горизонтальное сжатие. Установлено, что причиной деформации явилось долготное придвигание Ксанского шоля, блока микроконтинента и его внедрение в складчатую структуру Большого Кавказа. Эти дислокации способствовали возникновению в регионе наложенной на раннюю структуру поздней малой складчатости, мелких разрывов скалывания и секущего кливажа субширотного направления. Сделан вывод, что в указанных условиях, разными механизмами дислокации была образована современная сложная складчатая структура южного склона Большого Кавказа в пересечении ущелья р. Ксани в альпийском цикле тектогенеза региона The article considers the folded structure of the Greater Caucasus at the intersection of the gorge of the river Ksani, who is still not well understood. At the same time, the study of the folding of the Greater Caucasus has crucial significance for the determination of the conditions of formation of the modern folded structure of the region. Aim. The establishment of important features of the Greater Caucasus folding essential for identification of the reason and mechanisms of its structure formation, which are not yet fully resolved problem. The research methodology was a very detailed sketching of the folding of the region along the river Ksani gorge in a scale of 1:1000, which allowed to record all the features of the studied structure. The section compiled during field studies was reduced to 1:50 000 scale. The resulting geological and structural profile sufficiently fully and accurately reflects the main features of the structural constructionof the region. Results. In the studied section, a number of new important features of the folded structure of its Mesozoic-Cenozoic strata are established. First of all is revealed, it should be noted that the fold structures are multi-order and of different ages and of sublatitudinal strike. The first-order structures are earlier folds and are represented by asymmetric southwardly declined highly compressed 1-3 km wide folds. Complicating later large structures folds of higher orders are also tightly compressed, asymmetric with the axes dipping to the north. Their sizes vary widely - from 0.5 m to several tens of meters. The sublatitudinal strike of the folding indicates that it formed in a different deformation environment than the main northwestern structure of the Greater Caucasus. Discussion of the results and conclusions. Established character of folding indicates a different genesis of the structures during the two-stage diverse deformation of the region. It was found that at the first suprahorogenic stage of dislocation (Jurassic-Middle Miocene), the Caucasus experienced northeast tangential contraction caused by the pulling and pressing of the Black Sea-Transcaucasian microcontinent to the Greater Caucasus. As a result, the main linear folded structure of the northwestern strike, large regional faults, and layered cleavage were formed in the region. At the second latehorogenic stage of deformation (Late Miocene-Anthropogene), the folded structure of the Greater Caucasus experienced oblique submeridional horizontal compression. It is established that the cause of the deformation was the longitudinal movement of the Ksani schol, a block of the microcontinent and its emplacement into the folded structure of the Greater Caucasus. These dislocations in the region contribute generation of the late low folding superimposed on the early structure, small shear faults, and crosscuting cleavage of the sub-latitudinal direction. It is concluded that, under indicated conditions, by different dislocation mechanisms was formed the modern complex folded structure of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus at the intersection of the river Ksani gorge during the alpine cycle of regional tectogenesis


Author(s):  
Н.Н. Карпун

Влажные субтропики Черноморского побережья России являются региономреципиентом для большого количества инвазионных видов вредных организмов. В начале XXI в. в зоне влажных субтропиков России выявлены 35 новых видов дендрофильных насекомых, из которых 26 можно отнести к инвазионным: из них 17 видов новые для территории России, а 9 новые для субтропической зоны Черноморского побережья Кавказа. Особенности инвазионного процесса у фитофагов изучались на основе анализа таксономического состава, регионовдоноров, векторов и путей инвазии, биотопического распределения видов и динамики инвазий. За период 2000 2017 гг. в общем количестве появившихся инвазионных видов отмечено снижение доли представителей отряда Hemiptera и увеличение доли представителей отряда Lepidoptera. В последние годы наибольшее количество инвазионных видов вредителей имеет североамериканское, а не восточноазиатское происхождение, что было характерно для региона на протяжении предыдущих полутора столетий. Установлены векторы инвазии для новых видов: непреднамеренный завоз с посадочным материалом, проникновение с транспортными потоками, непреднамеренный завоз с грузами нерастительного происхождения, самостоятельные перелеты. Все инвазионные виды восточноазиатского, американского и австралийского происхождения характеризуются двухступенчатой инвазией, т. е. они проникали в Россию из вторичного ареала в Европе. Максимальное количество чужеродных видов обосновалось в насаждениях декоративных пород (садовопарковые экосистемы), причем эта тенденция традиционна для региона. Частота появления инвазионных видов на Черноморском побережье Кавказа в начале XXI в. 1 вид в 9 месяцев, что в 7,4 раза чаще, чем в начале XX в. Humid subtropics of the Russian Black Sea coast are the recipient region for many invasive species of harmful organisms. At the beginning of the XXI century, 35 new species of dendrophilous insects were identified in the humid subtropical zone of Russia, 26 of which can be considered invasive: 17 species are new for Russia and 9 are new for the subtropical zone of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Special features of the invasive process among phytophages were studied using following parameters: taxonomic composition, donor regions, vectors and pathways of invasion, biotopic distribution of the species and invasion dynamics. During the period of 2000 2017, a decrease in the representatives of order Hemiptera and an increase in the representatives of order Lepidoptera has been recorded. In recent years, the largest number of invasive species has North American origin rather than East Asian, which was typical for the region over the previous one and a half centuries. The following invasion vectors were specified for the newly recorded species: unintentional importation with planting material, invasion with traffic flow, unintentional importation with goods of nonplant origin, independent migration. All invasive species of East Asian, American, and Australian origin are characterized by twostage invasion, namely arriving to Russia from the secondary invasive range in Europe. The maximum number of alien species has settled in the plantations of ornamental species (landscape ecosystems), and this trend is traditional for the region. The rate of invasive species on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus in the early XXI century was once in nine months, which is 7,4 times higher than in the early XX century.


Mites of the family Erythraeidae Robineau-Desvoidy, 1828 are distributed worldwide and have been reported as natural enemies of sucking pests. Adults and deutonymphs are predators; larvae of most species are ectoparasites of different arthropods. They can be harmful to beekeeping. Some species cause dermatitis in humans. Erythraeidae of the Caucasus are poorly studied. This article is the first report on mites of the genus Erythraeus Latreille, 1806 of the family Erythraeidae living in Azerbaijan. An annotated list of five species of mites of this genus collected in the Greater Caucasus is provided: Erythraeus phalangoides (De Geer, 1778), E. regalis (C.L.Koch, 1837), E. gorcensis Gabrys, 2016, E. opilionoides (C.L.Koch, 1837), E. adpendiculatus (Schrank, 1781). All of them are recorded from Azerbaijan for the first time. An identification key to imago of the Erythraeus species is given. The original photographs of imago were taken to clarify the determination. Mites were collected in three landscape zones: semi-desert (4 species), mountain-steppe (2 species) and mountain-forest (2 species). The Absheron Peninsula (semi-desert) is studied best; four Erythraeus species were found there. Most of the species were collected in artificial forests with a predominance of Eldar pine (4 species, 12 individuals). In other biotopes, mites of the genus Erythraeus are rare: 2 species (3 individuals) were found in broad-leaved forests of the low mountains, 1 species (1 individual) in a forb steppe, 1 species (1 individual) in an arid open woodland consisted of weeping pear trees, 1 species (1 individual) in a garden. Only four individuals of E. regalis were recorded on plants. The other mites were collected under stones, which will make it possible to attribute them to herpetobionts, and E. regalis to herpeto-hortobionts. Out of 18 individuals found, 17 were adult, and one larva of E. regalis was removed from spittlebug on a blackberry. The most common Erythraeidae genus in the Greater Caucasus is Abrolophus Berlese, 1891 (39 individuals belonging to eight species were collected). This is the only genus of the family Erythraeidae, found in four landscape zones, from semi-desert to subalpine. The genus Erythraeus was not found in the subalpine zone.


Author(s):  
Silvia Oroian ◽  
Mihaela Samarghitan ◽  
MARIANA Hiritiu ◽  
SANDA Cosarca ◽  
CORNELIU Tanase

Arrhenatherion alliance meadows are recognized to be among the best pastures in our country due to high productivity and good nutrition value. The research was conducted in several areas of Mures County. The studied grasslands were classified into two types of Natura 2000 habitats: 6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis) and 6520 Mountain hay meadows. The identified phytocoenosis belong to two plant associations: Arrhenatheretum elatioris Br.-Bl. Ex Scherrer 1925 and Poo Trisetetum flavescentis (Knapp 1951) Oberd. 1957. The analysis of data collected in the field reveals that the current state of conservation of the two types of habitat is good and very good. Habitats in a good and very good state of preservation is distinguish by a great floristic composition: approx. 100-150 cormophyte species with good and very good forage value. As habitats are more susceptible to the management applied and any changes to land use can affect habitat quality (eg abandoning  mowing and turning the land into pasture), the ecological functions of this habitat will be satisfied as long as they are mowed after Poaceae species matured.


Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae-Seong Lee ◽  
Yang-Seop Bae ◽  
Bong-Kyu Byun ◽  
Seunghwan Lee ◽  
Jong Kyun Park ◽  
...  

Invasive species cause a severe impact on existing ecosystems. The citrus flatid planthopper (CFP; Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830)) is an invasive species in many countries. Predicting potential occurrence areas of the species related to environmental conditions is important for effective forest ecosystem management. In this study, we evaluated the occurrence patterns of the CFP and predicted its potential occurrence areas in South Korea using a random forest model for a hazard rating of forests considering meteorological and landscape variables. We obtained the occurrence data of the CFP in South Korea from literature and government documents and extracted seven environmental variables (altitude, slope, distance to road (geographical), annual mean temperature, minimum temperature in January, maximum temperature in July, and annual precipitation (meteorological)) and the proportion of land cover types across seven categories (urban, agriculture, forest, grassland, wetland, barren, and water) at each occurrence site from digital maps using a Geographic Information System. The CFP occurrence areas were mostly located at low altitudes, near roads and urbanized areas. Our prediction model also supported these results. The CFP has a high potential to be distributed over the whole of South Korea, excluding high mountainous areas. Finally, factors related to human activities, such as roads and urbanization, strongly influence the occurrence and dispersal of the CFP. Therefore, we propose that these factors should be considered carefully in monitoring and surveillance programs for the CFP and other invasive species.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Bohushenko ◽  
Sergiy Stepanenko ◽  
Inna Khomenko

<p>In this study the trends and variations in 25 extreme temperature and precipitation indices<br>defined by ETCCDI, are examined using trend method, probability distribution analysis and<br>spatial statistics for periods of 71 to 137 years for 16 stations evenly distributed in Ukraine. Data<br>on the indices were obtained from www.ecad.eu.<br>Since 1981, temperature has increased by about 1ºC in all stations in question relative to the<br>period of 1945-1980. Analysis of the temperature indices indicates that during the 20th and the<br>beginning of the 21th century there is significant warming which is particularly pronounced in<br>annual mean and annual maximum temperatures. Occurrence of more summer days, warm days<br>and tropical nights and warm spell duration reached the record highest level, and conversely<br>occurrence of frost and ice days, cold days and cold spell duration fall to a record low for the last<br>three decades in the most of study territory.<br>Since 1981, precipitation amount has grown by 30-50 mm relative to the period of 1945-1980 for<br>the most of Ukrainian territory, except Uzhhorod and Uman where precipitation amount has<br>remained the same. For Ukraine average, an increase in maximum daily and maximum 5 days<br>precipitation amount, the maximum number of consecutive wet days, heavy and very heavy<br>precipitation days, and a decrease in the maximum number of consecutive dry days are observed<br>for the last three decades.<br>The analysis of the spatial distribution of trend of precipitation and temperature indices showed<br>that there are large differences between regions of Ukraine, and coherence of spatial distribution<br>of trends of various indices is low.<br>Spectral analysis and harmonic regression techniques were used to derive simulated and<br>predicted (2019-2050) values of annual precipitation and annual mean temperature and four<br>indices such as maximum value of daily maximum temperature, minimum value of daily<br>minimum temperature, the highest 1-day precipitation amount and maximum number of<br>consecutive dry days for some stations such as Kerch (the Crimean Peninsula), Kyiv (situated in<br>north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River), Lubny (Dnieper Lowland), Lviv and Shepetivka<br>(Podillia Upland), Uzhhorod (Transcarpathia), Uman (Dnieper Upland).<br>Annual mean temperature and maximum value of daily maximum temperature were predicted to<br>increase by 0.33°C per decade in the period of 2019-2050 with respect to 1981-2018, while<br>minimum value of daily minimum temperature was predicted to grow slightly faster (by 0.43-<br>0.63ºC per decade).<br>Precipitation was predicted to increase for the stations in question by 20-66 mm up to 2050<br>relative to 1981-2018 and conversely maximum number of consecutive dry days will slightly<br>decline except Lubny where increase in an aridity index was predicted. In the next three decades<br>changes in maximum daily precipitation will be various: in Shepetivka and Kyiv such<br>precipitation will be decreased and in other stations increasement in such precipitation will be up<br>to 6 mm till 2050 with respect to 1981-2018.</p>


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