scholarly journals Differential and empirical model for describing psycholinguistic meanings

2021 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 08019
Author(s):  
Mairbeck Makhaev ◽  
Khouzu Mamalova ◽  
Arby Vagapov
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Model ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Stimulus Material ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Points Of View

The paper is devoted to the problem of semantics of proper names. Nowadays, in linguistics, there are different points of view on the nature of the semantics of proper names. This paper states the discovery of a new kind of meaning of proper names - psycholinguistic. This concept is based on the use of experimental methods for studying the meanings of words, which involves an appeal to the consciousness of native speakers. Psycholinguistic experiments were carried out by us in Voronezh. Subjects - 330 students. The method of free and directed associative experiment was used. Various toponyms (“Moscow”, “St. Petersburg”, “Volgograd”), including “Voronezh”, were used as a stimulus material. According to the results of experiments on the stimulus “Voronezh”, a total of 1,055 verbal associative reactions were obtained. Then the semantic interpretation of associative reactions was carried out, which consists in understanding the reactions as linguistic representations of certain signs of the denotation - semantic components. As a result, the psycholinguistic meaning of the toponym “Voronezh” was formulated, which is very different from its meaning in toponymic dictionaries. We call this new kind of meaning psycholinguistic.

scholarly journals Investigation of the semantics of the proper name as a phenomenon of linguistic consciousness (according to psycholinguistic experiments)

2021 ◽  
pp. 228-239
Author(s):  
Mairbek R. Makhaev ◽  
Iosif A. Sternin
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Limited Volume ◽  
Dictionary Entry ◽  
Proper Name

This article deals with the problem of the semantics of proper names. It is stated that onyms, in addition to lexicographic meanings recorded in toponymic dictionaries, also have psycholinguistic meanings. Lexicographic meanings are traditionally described in dictionaries in accordance with the principle of reductionism, which involves minimizing the features included in the meaning with a limited volume of the dictionary entry. Numerous experiments have allowed us to discover a new kind of meaning, which we call psycholinguistic. Psycholinguistic meaning is a meaning that is actually represented in the linguistic consciousness of native speakers of a particular language. The psycholinguistic meaning is identified and described in accordance with the algorithm developed by us in 5 stages: 1) conducting psycholinguistic experiments 2) constructing associative fields of word-stimuli, which are a set of associative responses to verbal stimuli, ordered in descending order of frequency, obtained during psycholinguistic experiments 3) semantic interpretation of associative fields and identification of semantic components 4) sememic attribution of semes and the formulation of the final psycholinguistic meaning 5) contrastive analysis, it includes a comparison of regional variants of psycholinguistic meanings. In this article, this algorithm is described by analyzing the semantics of the toponym “Voronezh”. The psycholinguistic meaning of the toponym “Voronezh” was revealed as a result of semantic interpretation of the data obtained during psycholinguistic experiments in Voronezh and Grozny. The brightness indices of semantic components and sememes, according to which their field affiliation is determined, are calculated. False semes were detected. A comparative analysis of regional (Voronezh and Grozny) variants of meanings with each other, as well as with the lexicographic meaning of the toponym “Voronezh”, recorded in the dictionary of E. M. Pospelov, is carried out.

LOCAL GEOGRAPHIC TERMS AND MICRO-TOPONYMS POSKOTINA, PODSKOTINA IN KOSTROMA PATOIS

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-155
Author(s):  
Elena Tsvetkova
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Small Space ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Proper Nouns ◽  
Kostroma Oblast ◽  
Points Of View

The article is devoted to the names connected with one of people’s ancient occupations such as cattle breeding. Being an important source of all kinds of data, they are of interest from both linguistic and historicalethnographic points of view. The research is conducted on the material of the appealative and micro-toponymic lexis available in the patois of Kostroma Oblast. The article studies the names of pastures «podskotina» and «poskotina» as well as micro-toponyms formed on their basis. The attention is paid to distribution and features peculiar to the semantics of these words in Russian folk patois. The paper singles out basic meanings of the pasture names under study in Kostroma patois. The author provides examples of their use in live folk speech as well as explanations of their meanings by the dialect native speakers. The study of the pasture names functioning features in folki speech makes it possible to refer their considerable part to micro-toponyms science, within small space, they, being names of single objects, are intermediate between common nouns and proper nouns. The micro-toponyms reflect main features of geographic terms being a ground of their origin. The research of the microtoponyms shows that in the toponymic system of Kostroma Oblast there are names formed due to transition of an appealative to a micro-toponym without any transformations according to the scheme «an appealative + an attribute characterising the called object» and on the basis of case-prepositional construction. The compound names more often are connected with the names of settlements and anthroponyms (usually, with possesive meaning). A pasture name frequently becomes a name of its location and adjacent objects; the name is reserved for the latter ones in case of the pasture disappearance.There are words «podskotina» and «poskotina» as both appealatives and micro-toponyms in the patois of many districts of Kostroma Oblast. The study of these local geographic terms, along with micro-toponyms formed from them, makes it possible to find out their semantics, features of functioning in the patois more precisely and completely and to present the data in different studies.

Why is this happened? Passive morphology and unaccusativity

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Balcom
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Syntactic Rule ◽  
English Writing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Unaccusative Verbs

Zobl discussed inappropriate passive morphology (‘be’ and the past participle) in the English writing of L2 learners, linking its occurrence to the class of unaccusative verbs and proposing that learners subsume unaccusatives under the syntactic rule for passive formation. The research reported here supports and amplifies Zobl' proposal, based on a grammaticality judgement task and a controlled production task containing verbs from a variety of subclasses of unaccusatives. The tasks were administered to Chinese L1 learners of English and a control group of English native speakers. Results show that subjects both used and judged as grammatical inappropriate passive morphology with all verbs falling under the rubric of unaccusativity. The article concludes with linguistic representations which maintain Zobl’s insights but are consistent with current theories of argument structure.

scholarly journals Variation is information: Analyses of variation across items, participants, time, and methods in metalinguistic judgment data

Linguistics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-81
Author(s):  
Véronique Verhagen ◽  
Maria Mos ◽  
Joost Schilperoord ◽  
Ad Backus
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Judgment Data

AbstractIn a usage-based framework, variation is part and parcel of our linguistic experiences, and therefore also of our mental representations of language. In this article, we bring attention to variation as a source of information. Instead of discarding variation as mere noise, we examine what it can reveal about the representation and use of linguistic knowledge. By means of metalinguistic judgment data, we demonstrate how to quantify and interpret four types of variation: variation across items, participants, time, and methods. The data concern familiarity ratings assigned by 91 native speakers of Dutch to 79 Dutch prepositional phrases such as in de tuin ‘in the garden’ and rond de ingang ‘around the entrance’. Participants performed the judgment task twice within a period of one to two weeks, using either a 7-point Likert scale or a Magnitude Estimation scale. We explicate the principles according to which the different types of variation can be considered information about mental representation, and we show how they can be used to test hypotheses regarding linguistic representations.

scholarly journals The Grammatical Ways of Expressing the Future in English and their Corresponding Forms in Azerbaijani

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Saadat Nuriyeva
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Future Action ◽  
The Future ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Learning English

<p>Belonging to different language families, the English and Azerbaijani languages differ in all the aspects (grammar, phonetics and lexis) of the language. Therefore, as non-native speakers, Azerbaijanis have many difficulties in learning English. Many scholars try to eliminate those difficulties by comparing and analyzing the languages, finding out the similarities and differences between the languages compared. One of the main problems for Azerbaijani learners of English is learning the ways of expressing futurity in English to be able to select proper means of expression while translating from English into Azerbaijani and vice versa. The development of linguistics in the last few decades has been so quick and manifold that a new insight has been implemented concerning the current problems. It gave rise to the development of the comparative typological investigation of non-kindred languages. We shall try to investigate future tense in English basing upon quantitative typology that investigates this or that phenomena existing in two compared languages. The aim of our investigation is to show the grammatical ways of expressing the future in contemporary English, reveal similarities and differences between the ways of expressing future in English and Azerbaijan and, consequently, provide corresponding forms in Azerbaijani. As English is much richer in the ways of expressing future action than Azerbaijani, we will analyze and provide all the possible ways of conveying them in Azerbaijani. There are many controversial and quarrel some points concerning the future tense problem in English and Azerbaijani. The article highlights these problems by providing prominent linguists’ theoretical points of view as well as the author’s own analysis and approach to the stated problems.</p>

Sensitivity to parasitic gaps inside subject islands in native and non-native sentence processing

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLIVER BOXELL ◽  
CLAUDIA FELSER
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Online Reading ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Parasitic Gaps ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Island Constraints ◽  
Reading Experiment ◽  
Native Group

We report the results from an eye-movement monitoring study that investigated late German–English bilinguals’ sensitivity to parasitic gaps inside subject islands. The online reading experiment was complemented by an offline scalar judgement task. The results from the offline task confirmed that for both native and non-native speakers, subject island environments must normally be non-finite in order to host a parasitic gap. The analysis of the reading-time data showed that, while native speakers posited parasitic gaps in non-finite environments only, the non-native group initially overgenerated parasitic gaps, showing delayed sensitivity to island-inducing cues during online processing. Taken together, our findings show that non-native comprehenders are sensitive to exceptions to island constraints that are not attested in their native language and also rare in the L2 input. They need more time than native comprehenders to compute the linguistic representations over which the relevant restrictions are defined, however.

scholarly journals Variability of the language norm in the functioning of toponyms: Problems and contradictions

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-632
Author(s):  
Dmitrii Yu. Ilyin ◽  
◽  
Elena G. Sidorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Basic Notion ◽  
Lowercase Letter ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Geographical Maps ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Linguistic Content

The article examines the linguistic content of the language norm related to the spelling of geographic proper names. As the basic notion, the authors use Ludmila Verbitskaya’s definition of the norm recognizing orthographic standards as a particular case of a language norm. The significance of a research in this area is due, firstly, to specificities of spelling norms, and secondly, difficulties of proper name codification. The orthographic norms are characterized by a significantly higher degree of strictness in comparison with other types of linguistic standards, hence, the avoidance of toponymic orthographic doublets creating problems in place-name identification. Normally, place names are not present in popular orthographic dictionaries and other non-specialized lexicographic sources. Not infrequently, the spelling of a particular locality in a codified form can only be found either on geographical maps and atlases or in gazetteers and registries of geographical names of a particular region. As a result, the spelling norm becomes established in the the native speakers’ linguistic competence primarily through the assimilation and application of the corresponding rules. It was revealed that the most significant contradictions in the implementation of the spelling norm take place when choosing an upper- or lowercase letter in compound proper names, as well as when representing the elements of compounds (separately, as one word or hyphenated). The resultss of the present research can be used in revision of orthography of both existing and newly formed place names to make them concordant with the principles of linguistic ecology

scholarly journals PAREMEOLOGICAL WORLD VIEW OF ITALIAN SPEAKERS

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
М. І. Гольцева
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
World View ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
National Language ◽  
The World ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
Modern Mass ◽  
Linguistic Approach

In the proposed research, the analysis of paremiological picture of the world of Italian language is performed; the notions of “picture of the world”, “linguistic picture of the world”, “paremiological picture of the world” are analyzed; the connection between the linguistic and paremiological picture of the world is distinguished; the frequency of using mythological proverbs with the proper name is set. According to the conducted research, it is possible to distinguish the following notions : 1) picture of the world is the way people see this world, how they communicate with each other, etc.; 2) linguistic picture of the world deals with the linguistic approach in seeing the world, how with the help of words people express their feelings towards different things; 3) paremiological picture of the world deals with proverbs and sayings, with the help of which people show their attitude to different things. As a result, it is possible to notice that this research of proper names in Italian proverbs in the paremiological picture of the world promotes reconstruction of one of important components of a national language picture of the world which is a cultural sphere of any language. We have distinguished that proverbs and sayings with the proper name are mythological, religious, historical, literal, toponymic, from various spheres of social and individual activity of native speakers. As a result, in the studied proverbs and sayings the features connected with mythology come to the first place among the rest of them. Never before have the scientists studied proper names in the light of meaning and form. While investigating proverbs with proper names it is possible to notice the link between ancient myths and modern mass media where we have found the majority of our examples during the research. And it is noticed that the majority of analyzed proverbs in mass media have examples in political and economic articles. From the studied proverbs and sayings we can make the conclusion that it is a vital source of national and cultural wisdom that is worth analyzing.

scholarly journals MODALITES ENONCIATIVES EN KABIYE, LANGUE DU GURUNSI ORIENTAL DU TOGO / ENUNCIATIVE MODALITIES IN KABIYE, A LANGUAGE OF THE EASTERN GURUNSI OF TOGO

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pali Tchaa ◽  
Amizou Maléki Espoir
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Basic Element ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Verbal System ◽  
Structural Types ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Communication Context ◽  
Communication Needs

La problématique de l’énonciation, déjà abordée dans les travaux de Kassan (1996) en regard du système verbal trouve, dans la présente étude, un regain d’intérêt. Il s’est agi de focaliser l’analyse sur les types structurels d’énoncés pour en dégager les propriétés. L’ancrage théorique se situe entre Culioli (1978) qui conçoit l’énonciation à l’aune de l’assignation de la valeur référentielle du sujet de la relation prédicative et Cervoni (1992) dans la sous-catégorisation en « modalité » assertive, impérative, interrogative de l’énoncé. Compte a été également tenu des acquis descriptifs de Kassan (1996) et Lébikaza (1999). Les données analysées sont recueillies au cours de différents travaux de terrains auprès des locuteurs natifs du kabiyè à Kara. Il résulte de l’étude que l’énoncé est construit autour d’un contexte de communication, élément de base de son interprétation sémantique. Au-delà, sa structure est diversifiée. Verbal ou non verbal, l’énoncé kabiyè peut se réduire à un constituant. Par contre, quelle que soit son étendue, il peut admettre des expansions selon les besoins de communication des interlocuteurs. The topic of enunciation, already addressed by Kassan (1996) in relation to the verbal system, finds a renewed interest in the present study. The aim was to focus the analysis on the structural types of statements in order to identify their properties. Theoretical grounding ps between Culioli (1978), who conceives the enunciation on the basis of the assignment of the referential value of the predicative relationship, and Cervoni (1992) in the modality subcategorization in assertive, imperative and interrogative statements. Account was also taken of descriptive results of Kassan (1996) and Lébikaza (1999). The analyzed data are collected during various fieldworks in Kara with native speakers of Kabiyè. The study shows that the statement is built around a communication context, the basic element of its semantic interpretation. Beyond that, its structure is diversified. Verbal or non-verbal, the Kabiyè utterance can be reduced to a constituent. On the other hand, whatever its extent, it can admit expansions according to the communication needs of the interlocutors. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0720/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

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