scholarly journals Ecological sanitation a new approach to protect public health and environment in rural areas of Morocco

2021 ◽  
Vol 319 ◽  
pp. 01065
Author(s):  
Aziz Taouraout ◽  
Abdelkader Chahlaoui ◽  
Khadija Ouarrak ◽  
Hicham Aaziz ◽  
Driss Belghyti
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Organic Pollution ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Ecological Sanitation ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Soil Layering ◽  
Almost All

Wastewater and human excreta are threatening the quality of groundwater and watercourses in rural areas of Morocco. The new sanitation approach that has advantage to solve the problems of pathogens of human waste at source and offering the possibility of reusing them after treatment is called Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) could be an alternative solution to the conventional one. It is in this perspective that our study made an investigation on economic, ecological, sustainable sanitation techniques adapted to the Moroccan context. Indeed, a survey was carried out at Dayet Ifrah village to assess the population appreciation of the EcoSan structures installed. Survey results showed that these structures have been generally accepted by almost all users and non-users (95%). On the other hand, a pilot-scale system composed by two types of filters (vertical constructed wetland and vertical Multi-Soil-Layering) have been installed in order to treat domestic wastewater coming from a single household and their performance was evaluated. The filters showed good performance to remove organic pollution (> 84.5%) and orthophosphate (> 68%). The reduction of ammonium were 84.5% and 35.3% for vertical Multi-Soil-Layering and vertical constructed wetland, respectively. The quality of the wastewater treated was evaluated in accordance with the standard of the rejection limit value adopted by Morocco.

scholarly journals AN EFFICIENT APPROACH TO MANAGE DOMESTIC WASTEWATER IN SMART CITY

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-4/W3-2020 ◽  
pp. 391-398
Author(s):  
A. Taouraout ◽  
A. Chahlaoui ◽  
D. Belghyti ◽  
I. Taha ◽  
M. Lachhab
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Acceptable Solution ◽  
Organic Matters ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Ecological Sanitation ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment

Abstract. The adoption of an ecological sanitation system, meeting the requirements hygienic and sanitary, constitutes a feasible and technically and economically acceptable solution in the future smart city. This new sanitation concept has the advantage of solving the problems of pathogens of human waste at source, thus offering the possibility of reusing them after treatment (recycling) in order to improve the standard of living of the population and protect the environment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of a vertical Multi-Soil-Layering system (MSL) system to treat domestic wastewater under three hydraulic loading rates: 250 L/m2/day, 350 L/m2/day and 500 L/m2/day, in Moroccan conditions. To do this, a vertical MSL system measuring 20cm × 60cm × 78cm (L × W × H) was designed to treat domestic wastewater and his performance was investigated. The results showed high removal of organic matters and nutrients under the three hydraulic loads tested; the performance averages recorded are upper than 84 % for organic matters, 83.1 ± 7.2 % for ammonium and 72.4 ± 14.1 % for orthophosphate. The quality of the treated wastewater was evaluated according to Moroccan reject limit value. Consequently, this system could be considered an effective solution to be adopted for decentralized domestic wastewater treatment in Moroccan conditions.

CAUSES OF CONFLICTS IN DENTAL PRACTICE, WAYS TO PREVENT AND RESOLVE THEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
T.A. Luzgina ◽  
◽  
O.A. Tsyganova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Conflict Communication ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Almost All

Significance: the number of conflicts related to realization of the right to health and medical care especially in such specific branch of medicine as dentistry has recently been on the rise in Russia. Furthermore, among the main fields of social interaction, a large number of interpersonal conflicts does relate to professional activity. Subject of research: conflicts and conflict situations in dental practice. Purpose of work: to identify main groups of causes of conflict situations and conflicts in dental practice and suggest ways to prevent and resolve them. Material and methods: questionnaire survey of dentists with additional interview of the respondents, mathematical and statistical data analysis using the SPSS Statistics software (Pearson chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests). Results: The majority of the respondents (59.0%) say that they have never had any conflicts with the administration. The leading cause of disagreement is dissatisfaction with the material base and supplies (35%). The prevailing share of the dentists (61.5%) indicate that conflicts between them and a colleague / nurse have never occurred. The main cause of the conflict communication is insubordination or lack of subordination, especially in rural areas and public facilities. Doctors of public healthcare facilities and dentists working in rural areas were more often in conflict with a colleague or manager. Almost all health workers (98%) note that they have encountered conflict patients. The main cause of the conflict communication is long waiting for a dental appointment (33.3%). Out of all factors influencing the relationship, about half of the respondents (53.0%) mentioned the emotional state of the patient. Out of all behavior strategies in conflicts, the majority of dentists (44%) prefer cooperation. Conclusion: Almost all (98%) dentists came into conflict with the patient. The main causes of these conflicts included: long waiting times for admission (33.3%), irrational work of the registry, the administrator (23.1%) and complaints about the quality of services (22.2%). Medical workers with average work experience (10-29 years) were more likely to conflict with the patient about claims to the quality of treatment (31.3%).

Comparison of nitrogen elimination rates of different constructed wetland designs

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1122-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eriona Canga ◽  
Sara Dal Santo ◽  
Alexander Pressl ◽  
Maurizio Borin ◽  
Guenter Langergraber
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Main Layer ◽  
Average Value ◽  
In Series ◽  
Nitrogen Elimination

In this paper the nitrogen elimination rates of different constructed wetland (CW) designs reported in literature are compared with those obtained for outdoor and indoor 2-stage vertical flow (VF) systems. The outdoor system is located about 150 km west of Vienna. Both stages are planted with Phragmites australis and the system has been operated for 4 years continuously. During this period the average value of the nitrogen elimination rate was 3.30 g N m−2 d−1. The indoor system comprises three parallel operated 2-stage VF systems and is located in the technical lab hall at BOKU University. The design of the indoor system resembles the outdoor system. However, there are a few differences: (1) the indoor systems are not planted, and (2) different filter media have been used for the main layer of the first stages. With the indoor system the highest nitrogen elimination rate achieved was 2.24 g N m−2 d−1 for the system with zeolite and impounded drainage layer. Similar results have been found in France for treating raw wastewater with VF and horizontal flow (HF) beds in series with nitrogen elimination rates of 1.89 and 2.82 g N m−2 d−1 for differently designed HF beds. The highest nitrogen elimination rates of 15.9 g N m−2 d−1 reported were for pilot-scale VF CWs treating high-strength synthetic wastewater (total nitrogen of 305 mg L−1 in the influent) in Thailand. It has been shown that the outdoor two-stage VF CW system has one of the highest nitrogen elimination rates of CWs treating domestic wastewater.

The potential of nutrient reuse from a source-separated domestic wastewater system in Indonesia – Case study: ecological sanitation pilot plant in Surabaya

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.F. Malisie ◽  
M. Prihandrijanti ◽  
R. Otterpohl
Keyword(s):  
Small Volume ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nutrient Recovery ◽  
Ecological Sanitation ◽  
Faecal Matter ◽  
Nutrient Reuse ◽  
Cultivation Experiment

Human excreta (faeces and urine) contribute only a small volume in domestic wastewater but are one of the main causes of water pollution. On the other hand, they contain very valuable nutrients to be reused as anthropogenic fertiliser through proper collection, treatment and hygienisation processes. To know the potential of nutrient recovery and reuse in Indonesia, a pilot scale source separation domestic wastewater system has been built in Surabaya and, so far, has shown promising results. Using urine diverting toilets, up to 86% nitrogen, 21% phosphorus and 69% potassium from urine and 12% of nitrogen, 68% of phosphorus and 20% of potassium from the faecal matter can be recovered. The separated urine was stored for 6 months before usage as fertiliser for hygienic reasons, while the separated faecal matter was composted with worms (vermicomposting). In order to investigate the fertilising effect, a preliminary cultivation experiment has been carried out on young rose plants using different fertilisers for 2 months.

Rural domestic wastewater treatment in Norway and Poland: experiences, cooperation and concepts on the improvement of constructed wetland technology

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 776-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Paruch ◽  
T. Mæhlum ◽  
H. Obarska-Pempkowiak ◽  
M. Gajewska ◽  
E. Wojciechowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Biogenic Elements ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment

This article describes Norwegian and Polish experiences concerning domestic wastewater treatment obtained during nearly 20 years of operation for constructed wetland (CW) systems in rural areas and scattered settlements. The Norwegian CW systems revealed a high performance with respect to the removal of organic matter, biogenic elements and faecal indicator bacteria. The performance of the Polish CW systems was unstable, and varied between unsatisfied and satisfied treatment efficiency provided by horizontal and vertical flow CWs, respectively. Therefore, three different concepts related to the improvement of CW technology have been developed and implemented in Poland. These concepts combined some innovative solutions originally designed in Norway (e.g. an additional treatment step in biofilters) with Polish inspiration for new CWs treating rural domestic wastewater. The implementation of full-scale systems will be evaluated with regard to treatment efficiency and innovative technology; based on this, a further selection of the most favourable CW for rural areas and scattered settlements will be performed.

scholarly journals LIMPACT DES THERAPIES TRADITIONNELLES SUR LA PRISE EN CHARGE DES MALADES MENTAUX

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 911-916
Author(s):  
S. Belbachir ◽  
◽  
A. Benzineb ◽  
A. Ouanass ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Prise En Charge ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Traditional Therapy ◽  
Almost All

In spite of the development of the psychiatry in Morocco, the traditional therapy is another current phenomenon always using to treat mental disorder. The surnatural was dominating in the representation of the mental disorder, and it as well at the level of its origin as of its treatment.The objective of this work is to describe the cultural perception of the first psychiatric symptoms by the families of the mental sick, to determine the first approach of care.It is about a descriptive forward-looking study using a heteroquestionnary including a sample of 184 families of hospitalized or consultant patient to the Ar-razipsychiatric hospital in Sale (Morocco) over a period of three months of the current year.We counted 184 families who have a member consulted or hospitalized at the Arrazi hospital. 38% represent mother of patient. All the socioeconomic and educational levels were represented. Almost all the diseases were founded with a big ascendancy of the psychotic disorders. The appeal to Fkihs in front of first symptoms was almost important the conversifs disorders and anxious seem to be the preference illness of this kind of practice but you should not forget that the psychoses also represent a not insignificant rate with 66%. The cultural interpretations of the mental illness are represented by the charm in 35 % of the cases, the Toukal (deliberate poisoning) in 29% and the ownership by devils in 21 %. The bad eye is reported in 20%. More than 63% of families turned to the traditional therapy in front of the first psychiatric symptoms, while only 36 % returned the patients at a general doctor or a psychiatrist. 62 % of families continue to turn to the traditional therapies in spite of the psychiatric follow-up, in this case they tend to stop the medical treatment in 30 % of the cases. There is a significant link between the first orientation and the interpretation of the disease. Traditherapeutes was more requested at the patients of whom families think that their disease is of surnatural origin (p = 0,001). The appeal to the traditional therapy and the residence in rural areas and not schooling are also strongly correlated. (P = 0,011 and p = 0,001). The Moroccan psychiatry was able to realize a lot of progress during the last two decades, in spite of the insufficiency of the human resources and the infrastructures. Additional efforts are necessary, especially with the high request of care, for it all the community should participate in the promotion of the mental health to reduce the stigmatization of this discipline and offer a better management of patients. The family is at the heart of the care of the mental disorders. Simple interventions with family can largely improve the quality of life of the sick person and that of the whole family.

scholarly journals Enhancement of waste stabilization ponds efficacy using local fixed film materials

2007 ◽  
pp. 419-428
Author(s):  
R.M. Al-Sa 'ed ◽  
N. Mahmoud ◽  
A. Abu-Madi ◽  
O.R. Zimmo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
In Series

This paper evaluates the feasibility of using local rock filter as natural media in waste stabilization ponds, A pilot-scale algae-rock filter ponds (ARPs) system was investigated, in parallel with algae-based ponds (ABPs) over a period of 6 months to evaluate the treatment efficacy of both systems. Each system entailed 4 equal ponds in series and was continuously fed with domestic wastewater from Birzeit University. The removal rates of organic matter, nutrients and faecal coliforms were monitored within each treatment system. The results obtained revealed that ARPs system was more efficient in the removal of organic matter (TSS and COD; 86% and 84%, respectively) and fecal coliforms (4 log10) than ABPs (81%, 81%, 3 log10, respectively). Nitrogen was reduced in the ARPs to an average of24 mg N/1; in contrast the ABPs effluent contained 32 mg N/1. Compared to ABP system, passive aerated ARPs option is an efficient, a low-cost and land-saving alternative with effluent quality suitable for restricted agricultural use in rural areas.

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