scholarly journals What are the Alternatives of PG Plus Tests for Modified Asphalt Binders?

2019 ◽  
Vol 271 ◽  
pp. 03008
Author(s):  
MM Tariq Morshed ◽  
Mohammad Nazmul Hassan ◽  
Zahid Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Recovery ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Performance Grade ◽  
Empirical Performance ◽  
Alternative Test ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Departments Of Transportation

For characterizing the polymer modified binders, different state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) use different time consuming and empirical Performance Grade (PG) Plus test methods. Furthermore, the PG Plus tests are silent when asphalt binders are modified with chemicals such as polyphosphoric acid (PPA). But, the effects of the polymer are not accurately identified through these conventional tests such as Elastic Recovery (ER) and tenacity. The main goal of this study is to recommend alternative test method(s), which can possibly be pursued by using, a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). Thus, Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR), ER-DSR, Frequency Sweep, and Binder Yield Energy Test (BYET) are being explored to find their effectiveness. Three PG binders (PG 64-22, PG 70-22 and PG 76-22) have been selected for this investigation. These binders have been prepared with styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer, PPA, or a combination of both. Further, chemical tests such as SARA (Saturate, Aromatic, Resin, and Asphaltene) analysis and FTIR (Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy) are also being explored to fulfill the objectives. Preliminary findings suggest that the PG Plus tests deem to be obsolete. Also, a single test procedure is not sufficient to identify the presence and effectiveness of modifiers in the PG binders.

Use of Integrated Day-Long Stagnation Temperature for Measuring Changes in Solar Collector Materials Properties

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-175
Author(s):  
W. C. Thomas ◽  
A. G. Dawson ◽  
D. Waksman
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Stagnation Temperature ◽  
Nonsteady State ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Energy Absorbing

Measurements of the maximum temperatures reached by solar-energy-absorbing surfaces provide a useful method for detecting possible degradation in the optical and heat transfer properties of materials used in collectors. This investigation shows that a method based on integrating the absorber temperature rise over ambient and solar irradiation on a daily basis has advantages over alternative test methods based on steady-state measurements of either absorber stagnation temperature or collector thermal efficiency. A nonsteady-state analytical model is developed and used to evaluate the sensitivity of the proposed test method to material degradation and environmental effects. Outdoor data are presented to validate the analytical model and depict typical results that can be expected using the test procedure.

The modern methods of pin-type bearing test of metallic materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Yaroslava V. Sulimina ◽  
Nikolay O. Yakovlev ◽  
Vladimir S. Erasov ◽  
Aleksey Yu. Ampilogov ◽  
Andrey N. Polyakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Strength Characteristics ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Bearing Strength ◽  
Bearing Stress ◽  
The Impact

The special features of various bearing deformation measurements for pin-type bearing tests of metallic materials are considered along with their impact on the magnitude of the «bearing elastic modulus» and bearing stress. These bearing test methods are present in ASTM and various institutional standards, though no state standard (GOST, GOST R) is currently available for bearing test method of metallic materials. Analysis of additional deformations which arise in determining the degree of hole bearing deformation is carried out. A set of sources of additional deformations is shown to be characteristic for each test procedure and is attributed to the design features of the device, the site and a way of mounting the extensometer. Additional deformations can be both tensile and compressive. It is shown that the impact of additional deformations on the «bearing elastic modulus» is limited to 14% for different procedures. No difference between the methods is revealed with regard to determination of the strength characteristics. At the same time the dispersion decreases with increase in plastic deformation and for bearing deformation about 4% the variation coefficient for all methods is no more than 1%. Advantages and shortcomings of the bearing test methods which affect the reproducibility of the results are considered. The effect of the specimen geometry on the bearing characteristics is considered. It is shown that increase both in the distance from the edge of the bearing specimen to the center of the hole for 1163T, VT6ch, 30KhGSA alloys and residual bearing deformation up to 6%, increase bearing strength characteristics.

scholarly journals Nanoscale Quantification of Moisture Susceptibility of Paving Asphalts

2019 ◽  
Vol 271 ◽  
pp. 03005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumon Roy ◽  
Zahid Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Water Immersion ◽  
Moisture Damage ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Moisture Susceptibility ◽  
Performance Grade ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Modified Binders ◽  
Study Test ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Moisture-induced damage due to stripping is one of the major concerns to the highway agencies in recent years. In this study, nanoscopic investigations were carried out to examine the effects of moisture in asphalt binders. An Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) was used to estimate the asphalt binder’s modulus and adhesion values, which were believed to be indicators of binder’s resistance to moisture damage. To this end, two Performance Grade (PG) binders and their modified counterparts using polyphosphoric acid (PPA), styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), and SBS plus PPA were tested in this study. Test results show significant reductions of adhesion and modulus values after water immersion of the asphalt binders. AFM data also reveals that SBS-modified binders exhibit better moisture resistance compared to the base binder. Findings of this study are expected to help transportation professionals to achieve a better understanding of moisture damage of asphalt binders at a molecular level and their suitability in pavements.

Exploring M & Y Gasket Factors and Their Degree of Correlation With Proposed PVRC Gasket Factors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale A. Rice ◽  
A. Fitzgerald Waterland ◽  
Anita R. Bausman
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Test Standards ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Yield Factor ◽  
Flexible Graphite

The well-known gasket factors, m & y were introduced in 1943 as per ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1 for purposes of flange design. The test procedure for determining these factors, ASTM Standard F586, was published in 1979 but then ultimately withdrawn in 1998 with the assumption that these test standards would be replaced by a new test method and with it the generation of improved gasket constants. The original m & y constants had several shortcomings including the fact that many of the listed values assumed asbestos fiber gaskets while new gasket materials such as PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) and FG (flexible graphite) were not addressed. Additionally, gasket manufacturers were allowed to publish m and y values for their own specific gasket materials and styles using their own test methods, thus dispensing with industry-wide standardization. ASTM Method F3149-15, “Standard Practice for Determining the Maintenance Factor (m) and Yield Factor (y) Loading Constants Applicable to Gasket Materials and Designs” represents an improvement over F586 but is not linked to standardized tightness levels. The proposed PVRC method with a new set of gasket constants is based on a load versus leakage test standard known as ROTT (Room Temperature Tightness Test). Following the ROTT method, ASTM WK39360, “New Test Method for Leak Rates Versus Y Stresses and M Factors for Gaskets derived from the Room Temperature Test Practice”, is being contemplated. This paper provides a review of the past inconsistencies of m & y values as published as well as an initial assessment of the degree of correlation between m & y values and tightness calculations achieved through the use of a previously documented fugitive emissions calculator for gasket materials which makes use of published ROTT data, and the operating pressure, flange NPS, gasket stress, and other inputs.

Hot Pin Pull Method – New Test Procedure for the Adhesion Measurement for 3D-MID

2014 ◽  
Vol 1038 ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Goth ◽  
Thomas Kuhn ◽  
Gerald Gion ◽  
Jörg Franke
Keyword(s):  
Test Procedure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Adhesion Test ◽  
Metallic Structures ◽  
Adhesion Measurement ◽  
Molded Interconnect Devices ◽  
Unsolved Issue

The adhesion test of metallic structures on MID (Molded Interconnect Devices) parts is an unsolved issue. So far no method really works reliably. The test methods which are conventionally used are the pull-off test and the shear-test. Both show large standard deviation and the reproducibility is not assured. Nordson DAGE has introduced the new micro-material testing system 4000Plus. This device enables a new test method for the determination of the adhesion strength of MID structures using the hot pin pull (hot bump pull) method. Copper pins (tinned or untinned) are heated up with a user defined temperature profile, soldered to a metallized structure on the MID and then removed vertically upward, while the force is recorded. In this contribution investigations with this new test method are presented.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Laboratory Methods of Determination of SBS Content in Polymer-Modified Bitumens

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5237
Author(s):  
Maria Ratajczak ◽  
Artur Wilmański
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Modified Bitumen ◽  
Codes Of Practice ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Industrial Samples ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

The article deals with the issue of determination of the content of SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) in polymer-modified bitumens (PMBs). The effect of SBS copolymer on the physical and rheological properties of bitumens has been thoroughly investigated and widely described in the literature. Condition surveys of structures and evaluation of the properties of materials used at construction sites have become a huge challenge for construction engineering. Determination of the content of SBS modifier in various building materials (asphalt mixtures and bituminous waterproofing compounds) is a good example in this respect. Based on the laboratory tests, mid-infrared spectroscopy was found to be the most effective analytical method. It can be used for easy detection of the presence of SBS in a modified bitumen. However, quantitative analysis is an issue that calls for research. Currently, there are no standard guidelines, whether national or European, that would regulate the method of testing. Three test methods were assessed in this study: the AASHTO T302–15 standard method and two Australian methods described in codes of practice (T521 and Q350) developed by the local authorities, which define a standard way of determining the amount of SBS in polymer-modified bitumens. The tests were carried out on standard controls and samples sourced from the industry. The above-mentioned test methods were assessed in terms of accuracy of determination, reliability of results obtained on the industrial samples, level of complexity of the test procedure, sample preparation techniques and the type of the required reagents.

Methodological Issues in Testing Comprehension of Safety Symbols

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (19) ◽  
pp. 1744-1747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary F. Lesch ◽  
Jamie R. McDevitt
Keyword(s):  
Test Procedure ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Multiple Trials

Safety symbols must be tested prior to use to ensure that they are adequately understood, as failures to communicate can result in injury or death. However, factors other than symbol quality influence assessed comprehension level: These include test method, scoring method, as well as availability of context. Open-ended and multiple-choice test methods are compared and contrasted on a number of dimensions including ease of construction, administration, and scoring. While use of an open-ended test procedure is generally recommended, it is proposed that a modified multiple-choice test, in which alternatives are assessed across multiple trials, is an attractive alternative.

The Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM): A Review of the ICCVAM Test Method Evaluation Process and Current International Collaborations with the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM)

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Stokes ◽  
Leonard M. Schechtman ◽  
Richard N. Hill
Keyword(s):  
International Adoption ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
European Centre ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Alternative Test

Over the last decade, national authorities in the USA and Europe have launched initiatives to validate new and improved toxicological test methods. In the USA, the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM), and its supporting National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM), were established by the Federal Government to work with test developers and Federal agencies to facilitate the validation, review, and adoption of new scientifically sound test methods, including alternatives that can reduce, refine, and replace animal use. In Europe, the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) was established to conduct validation studies on alternative test methods. Despite differences in organisational structure and processes, both organisations seek to achieve the adoption and use of alternative test methods. Accordingly, both have adopted similar validation and regulatory acceptance criteria. Collaborations and processes have also evolved to facilitate the international adoption of new test methods recommended by ECVAM and ICCVAM. These collaborations involve the sharing of expertise and data for test-method workshops and independent scientific peer reviews, and the adoption of processes to expedite the consideration of test methods already reviewed by the other organisation. More recently, NICEATM and ECVAM initiated a joint international validation study on in vitro methods for assessing acute systemic toxicity. These collaborations are expected to contribute to accelerated international adoption of harmonised new test methods that will support improved public health and provide for reduced and more-humane use of laboratory animals.

scholarly journals Assessment of the viscoelastic properties of modified bitumens containing styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieczysław Słowik
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Test ◽  
Elastic Recovery ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Modified Bitumen ◽  
Styrene Copolymer ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Temperature Susceptibility ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

The viscoelastic behaviour of styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer modified asphalt binders during tensile test and inverse creep test (retarded strain recovery after unloading) has been analysed in the presented paper. Laboratory tests have been conducted on two specimens of road bitumen: 20/30 and 50/70 penetration grade, which have been subjected to modification with the additive of 9% concentrate of SBS elastomer modified bitumen. When the two were mixed, the samples of polymer modified binders containing 3% or 6% by mass of the SBS elastomer were obtained. Force-ductility (tensile) test that has been followed by the extended procedure for the determination of elastic recovery, has been used as the research method. The results of the study have showed a significant improvement of the effect of modifications on the elastic properties and the temperature susceptibility reduction obtained only in the case of binders, where the polymer constitutes a dispersing phase forming a continuous network throughout the bitumen. Moreover, the temperature susceptibility coefficients, defined on the basis of the tensile test results, have been proposed as an alternative or extension to the previously widely used parameter, the Penetration Index.

scholarly journals PERANCANGAN DAN PENERAPAN COMPUTER BASED TEST (CBT) PADA SMK MUHAMMADIYAH KRAGILAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-63
Author(s):  
Ely Nuryani ◽  
Wawan Suandi
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Testing System ◽  
National Examination ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Alternative Test ◽  
Partner Schools ◽  
Method Model

In education field, examinations have become one way to measure the level of student achievement at school. Examinations that are usually used in schools such as daily/weekly/monthly exams, midterm exams (UTS) and final semester examinations (UAS). By using the exam, both students and teachers can evaluate each other about their teaching and learning activities. The examination model used so far is a conventional method model using paper-based tests. Traditional methods still have many disadvantages so other methods are needed to create efficiency, effectiveness, security, accuracy, and fast testing system. Another model that has been applied in school student test activities is the Computer Based Test (CBT Method). This method is proven to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the exam. Unfortunately, this new approach is only applied to national examination activities and has not been evenly distributed throughout the school. To use it in all the exam processes such as daily/weekly/monthly exams, midterm exams (UTS) and final semester examinations (UAS), this research uses waterfall metod was conducted at the Muhammadiyah Kragilan. The goal to be achieved is the creation of alternative test methods that can be used by partner schools that are more efficient, more effective, safer, more accurate and faster than the old test method

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document