scholarly journals Oxidation of Ti–6Al–4V alloy between 450 and 600°C. Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 06009
Author(s):  
Dominique Poquillon ◽  
Coralie Parrens ◽  
Alessandro Pugliara ◽  
Maxime Perrais ◽  
Benoit Malard
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Oxide Scale ◽  
Creep Behaviour ◽  
Oxygen Enrichment ◽  
Life Assessment ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Vibration Tests ◽  
Evolution Of Microstructure

Titanium alloys are widely used in many applications thanks to their good corrosion resistance and to their high specific modulus. However, at temperatures above 450°C, oxidation must be taken into account to improve life assessment of components. Especially for long-term exposures, oxidation leads to an oxide scale along with an oxygen enrichment in the metal below this oxide scale. In this study, the oxidation behaviour of Ti– 6Al–4V is investigated between 450 and 600°C for a maximum duration of about 6800 h. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to characterize the oxide layer and the layer affected by oxygen uptake. The local oxygen content is quantified. Vibration tests are performed to determine elastic properties on thin specimens with different thicknesses affected by oxygen enrichment. Creep tests are also carried out to quantify the influence of this oxygen uptake on viscoplastic behaviour. An oxygen-enriched zone occupying 5% of the cross-section of a specimen is sufficient to induce detectable changes in its creep behaviour.

Long Term Creep Life Prediction of New and Service Exposed P91 Steel

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muneeb Ejaz ◽  
Norhaida Ab Razak ◽  
Andrew Morris ◽  
Scott Lockyer ◽  
Catrin M. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Creep Behaviour ◽  
Equivalent Stress ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Creep Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
High Temperature Components ◽  
Term Creep

P91 steels are widely used in high temperature components for power generation. Creep data is often generated through accelerated short term creep tests, for practical reasons, via increasing stress or temperature though this may alter the creep behaviour. Through normalising the creep test stress by tensile strength the Wilshire models reduce the batch to batch scatter in the creep data and enable the prediction of long term creep data from relatively short term test results. In this work it is shown that the Wilshire models fitted to uniaxial creep rupture data can be used to predict failure in both as cast and service exposed multiaxial tests. This is provided that the equivalent stress is the rupture controlling stress, as is the case for the P91 tests examined, and the tensile strength is measured as part of the test programme.

Quantitative Evaluation of Secondary Phases in a Weld Joint Made of COST F and FB2 Creep Resistant Steels

2017 ◽  
Vol 270 ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
Dagmar Jandová
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Creep Strength ◽  
Weld Joint ◽  
Precipitate Size ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Creep Resistant Steels ◽  
Term Creep

Conventional (CCT) and accelerated (ACT) creep tests of a weld joint made of COST F and COST FB2 steels were carried out over a temperature range from 550 °C to 650 °C. Fracturing of the crept specimens was located in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the F steel. Two specimens were selected after CCT and ACT for quantitative evaluation of the precipitates and compared to the weld joint in as-received conditions. Scanning and transmission electron micrographs were used to measure the precipitate size. Both methods were compared and the accuracy of the results was discussed. It was concluded that ACT can simulate the precipitation of chromium carbides and structure recovery during long term creep exposures. However, precipitation of Laves phase during CCT was not recorded after ACT. Therefore, it is difficult to use ACT in this experiment for estimating the long term creep strength.

The Creep Behaviour of Extruded Mg-5Li-3Al-1.5Zn-2RE Alloy

2011 ◽  
Vol 213 ◽  
pp. 492-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Qu Li ◽  
Yong Bing Liu ◽  
Zhan Yi Cao ◽  
Li Ren Cheng ◽  
Dong Mei Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Creep Behaviour ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Intermetallic Phases ◽  
Tensile Creep ◽  
Dislocation Creep ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Creep Properties ◽  
Transmission Electron

The Mg-5Li-3Al-1.5Zn-2RE (LaPrCe) alloy was prepared by hot-chamber extrusion process after casting. The alloy consists of α-Mg solid solution and intermetallic phases (Al11RE3 phase and Al2RE phase). The microstructural analysis of the alloy reveals the correlation between microstructure and creep properties. The stress exponent of n varies from 4.25 to 6.23, and the activation energy varies from 104 to 134 kJ/mol. There is a transition between dislocations climb dominated creep mechanism and dislocation creep controlled by non-basal planes slip. Tensile creep tests were combined with detailed transmission electron microscopy in order to characterize the Al11RE3 phase, which had thermal stability at 448K during the creep test. The dislocations pinned and cross-slip dislocations were observed.

Thermal Stability and Creep Behaviour of MgNiYCe-Rich Mischmetal Alloys Processed by a Powder Metallurgy Route

2009 ◽  
Vol 289-292 ◽  
pp. 127-136
Author(s):  
P. Pérez ◽  
K. Milicka ◽  
Jose Maria Badía ◽  
G. Garcés ◽  
J.M. Antoranz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Creep Behaviour ◽  
Cold Isostatic Pressing ◽  
Lattice Diffusion ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Powder Metallurgy Route

The thermal stability and creep behaviour of MgNi2Y1CeMM1 and MgNi3Y1.5CeMM1.5 alloys have been investigated at 523 and 623 K. Both alloys were processed by a powder metallurgy route involving rapid solidification of powders, cold isostatic pressing and extrusion at 673 K. The microstructure of both alloys was studied in the as-extrusion condition and after thermal treatments at 523 and 623 K up to 500 h. Mechanical characterization was carried out by hardness measurements in samples annealed at 523 and 623 K and stepwise stress compressive creep tests at these temperatures. Results have shown long-term stability of the microstructure after annealing at 523 K in both alloys and hardness values remained constant along all treatment. After treatment at 623 K, however, the microstructure of both alloys remained relatively stable and a decrease in hardness was noticed after 6 h. Creep behaviour of both alloys was very similar. The stress dependences of the creep rate can be well described by modified Garofalo sinh relationship. Activation energies for creep, practically twice of the activation enthalpy of lattice diffusion for pure magnesium (135 kJ mol-1), have been obtained. Therefore, no direct evidence of the controlling role of diffusion processes can be obtained from these experiments.

scholarly journals Flexural Creep Effects On Permanent Wood Foundation Made Of Structural Insulated Foam-Timber Panels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Shaaban Sayed Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Creep Behaviour ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Soil Pressure ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Structural Capacity ◽  
Wood Frame ◽  
Term Creep

A Permanent Wood Foundation (PWF) is a panel composed of expanded polystyrene insulation and preserved stud cores laminated between oriented-strand boards and preserved plywood. This thesis presents the experimental testing on selected PWFs' sizes to investigate their long-term creep behaviour under sustained soil pressure. The long-term creep tests were performed over eight months, followed by loading the tested panels to destruction to determine their axial compressive strength. The ultimate load test results showed that the structural qualification of PWF is "as good as" the structural capacity of the conventional wood-frame buildings. The obtained experimental ultimate compressive resistance and flexural resistance, along with the developed long-term creep deflection of the wall under lateral soil pressure can be used in the available Canadian Wood Council (CWC) force-moment interaction equation to establish design tables of such wall panels under gravity loading and soil pressure.

Microstructure Stability and Creep Behaviour of a Cu-0.2wt.%Zr Alloy Processed by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing

2010 ◽  
Vol 667-669 ◽  
pp. 821-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Dvořák ◽  
Petr Král ◽  
Marie Kvapilová ◽  
Milan Svoboda ◽  
Vàclav Sklenička
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Equal Channel Angular Pressing ◽  
Creep Behaviour ◽  
Tensile Creep ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Creep Properties ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
Microstructure Stability ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Zr Alloy

A dispersion-strengthened Cu-0.2 wt.% Zr alloy was subjected to equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) at room temperature for up to 12 passes through route BC using a die having a channel angle of 90°. The microstructural investigations were performed using both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tensile creep tests were conducted at temperature 673 K and at the applied stress in the range from 80 to 180 MPa. The migration of boundaries and subsequent grain growth were restricted by Cu9Zr2 precipitates. The study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of severe plastic deformation and precipitation on creep behaviour and microstructure of the pressed alloy. It was found that creep behaviour is strongly dependent on number of ECAP passes. The pressed alloy after up to 4 ECAP passes exhibited a considerable improvement in creep properties in comparison with the unpressed alloy.

Creep Behaviour and Microstructural Changes of Advanced Creep Resistant Steels after Long-Term Isothermal Ageing

2010 ◽  
Vol 654-656 ◽  
pp. 504-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vàclav Sklenička ◽  
Květa Kuchařová ◽  
Milan Svoboda ◽  
A. Kroupa ◽  
J. Čmakal
Keyword(s):  
Rupture Strength ◽  
Creep Behaviour ◽  
Tensile Creep ◽  
Microstructural Stability ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Microstructural Changes ◽  
Creep Resistant Steels ◽  
Isothermal Ageing

In this paper we will try to further clarify the creep-strength degradation of selected advanced creep resistant steels. In order to accelerate some microstructural changes and thus to simulate degradation processes in long-term service, isothermal ageing at 650°C for 10000 h was applied to P91, P92 and P23 steels in their as-received states. The accelerated tensile creep tests were performed at temperature 600°C in argon atmosphere on all steels in the as-received state and after long-term isothermal ageing, in an effort to obtain a more complete description of the role of microstructural stability in high temperature creep of these steels. Creep tests were followed by microstructural investigations by means of both transmission and scanning electron microscopy and by the thermodynamic calculations. It is suggested that microstructural instability is the main detrimental process in the long-term degradation of the creep rupture strength of these steels.

Migration of Dislocation Boundaries in a Modified P911 3%Co Heat Resistant Steel during Tempering, Ageing and Creep

2012 ◽  
Vol 715-716 ◽  
pp. 953-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Kipelova ◽  
Rustam Kaibyshev ◽  
Andrey Belyakov ◽  
Dmitri A. Molodov
Keyword(s):  
Lath Martensite ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Pinning Force ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Dislocation Densities ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Means Of Transmission ◽  
Term Creep

Effect of carbide precipitation on pinning force and migration mechanism of boundaries of martensite laths was considered in a 3%Co modified P911. The dimensions of second phase precipitations, martensite laths and dislocation densities were measured by means of transmission electron microscopy. The pinning forces retarding the motion of the lath boundaries, that arise from M(C,N) nanoscale precipitations and M23C6 particles were evaluated by using different models. The pinning pressure evaluated by taking into account a non-uniform distribution of M23C6 particles was high enough to stabilize the lath martensite structure during tempering and long term ageing. On the other hand, significant coarsening of martensite laths occurred in neck portions of samples subjected to long-term creep tests. Additional effects from dislocation density and applied stress on the motion of lath boundaries are considered in some details.

scholarly journals Ageing Effects on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Fracture Behaviour of 9Cr-1.5Mo-1Co-VNbBN Martensitic Steel Welded Joint for High Temperature Application

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladislav Falat ◽  
Viera Homolová ◽  
Lucia Čiripová ◽  
Peter Ševc ◽  
Milan Svoboda
Keyword(s):  
Impact Toughness ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Fracture Mechanisms ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Ageing Effects ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Temperature Application ◽  
Creep Loading

This paper deals with long-term ageing effects of 9Cr-1.5Mo-1Co-VNbBN (CB2) steel weldment on its impact toughness, creep rupture behaviour, and hardness in relation to microstructure and fracture characteristics. The weldment was studied in PWHT state and after isothermal expositions at 625°C for 10000 and 30000 hours. Microstructure evolution was studied using analytical scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Charpy V-notch impact toughness tests were performed for all heat-treated states with a notch location in distinct weld regions such as weld metal (WM), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base material (BM). The overheated HAZ region exhibited the lowest impact toughness as a result of severe welding induced microstructure degradation. Creep tests were performed at 625°C in the stress range between 80 and 120 MPa. At the highest applied stress, creep fracture occurred in WM, whereas at lower stresses the failure position shifted towards fusion zone at WM/HAZ interface. The hardness profiles experienced significant scattering due to weld microstructural heterogeneity. The major fracture mechanisms involved transgranular quasi cleavage and intergranular creep cracking in impact and creep loading conditions, respectively.

scholarly journals Flexural Creep Effects On Permanent Wood Foundation Made Of Structural Insulated Foam-Timber Panels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Shaaban Sayed Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Creep Behaviour ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Soil Pressure ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Structural Capacity ◽  
Wood Frame ◽  
Term Creep

A Permanent Wood Foundation (PWF) is a panel composed of expanded polystyrene insulation and preserved stud cores laminated between oriented-strand boards and preserved plywood. This thesis presents the experimental testing on selected PWFs' sizes to investigate their long-term creep behaviour under sustained soil pressure. The long-term creep tests were performed over eight months, followed by loading the tested panels to destruction to determine their axial compressive strength. The ultimate load test results showed that the structural qualification of PWF is "as good as" the structural capacity of the conventional wood-frame buildings. The obtained experimental ultimate compressive resistance and flexural resistance, along with the developed long-term creep deflection of the wall under lateral soil pressure can be used in the available Canadian Wood Council (CWC) force-moment interaction equation to establish design tables of such wall panels under gravity loading and soil pressure.

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