scholarly journals Plot test in a 50-year abandoned mine tailings dam

2021 ◽  
Vol 337 ◽  
pp. 04012
Author(s):  
Lucas Garino Libardi ◽  
Luciano Agustín Oldecop
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Tailings Dam ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Capillary Barriers ◽  
Flow Phenomena ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Moisture State ◽  
Matrix Suction

Knowing the evolution of water content in a tailings dam is essential when analysing its stability. The case study is a small tailings dam abandoned more than 50 years ago, located in the Andes region of San Juan province, Argentina, where the climate is arid. This paper presents the results obtained in a plot test to study the interaction of tailings with the atmosphere, and to explain the reasons that generate internal zones in the dams with surprisingly high degrees of saturation, despite the strong water deficit of the site. The plot was hydraulically isolated on the four lateral faces where ten capacitive sensors were installed at different depths (volumetric moisture, matrix suction and temperature). At the beginning of the test, a major rainfall event was simulated with a sprinkler irrigation system. The plot was then allowed to interact freely with the atmosphere for an additional period of one and a half years. The records obtained suggest that the stratigraphy of the hydraulically deposited tailings has a preponderant influence on the interaction with the atmosphere. Heterogeneous flow phenomena and multiple capillary barriers during the infiltration and evaporation processes, respectively, appear to control the long-term moisture state of the tailings dam.

LYSIMETERS WITH RAINFALL AND SOIL WATER CONTROL

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. KRISTENSEN ◽  
H. C. ASLYNG
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Radiation Equipment ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Growth Experiments

The lysimeter installation described comprises 36 concrete tanks each with a soil surface of 4 m2. The installation is useful for plant growth experiments under natural conditions involving different treatment combined with various controlled water supplies. The ground installation is at least 20 cm below the soil surface and tillage can be done with field implements. The lysimeter tanks are provided with a drainage system which can drain the soil at the bottom (100 cm depth) to a tension of up to 100 cm. A constant ground-water table at less than 100 cm soil depth can also be maintained. The soil moisture content at different depths is determined from an underground tunnel by use of gamma radiation equipment in metal tubes horizontally installed in the soil. Rainfall is prevented by a movable glass roof automatically operated and controlled by a special rain sensor. Water is applied to the soil surface with a special trickle irrigation system consisting of a set of plastic tubes for each lysimeter tank and controlled from the tunnel. Fertilizers in controlled amount can be applied with the irrigation water.

scholarly journals AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PACOVAN ORGANIC BANANA IN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN THE AÇU-RN VALLEY

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-378
Author(s):  
JÚLIO JUSTINO DE ARAÚJO ◽  
VANDER MENDONÇA ◽  
MARIA FRANCISCA SOARES PEREIRA ◽  
MATHEUS DE FREITAS SOUZA
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Banana Production ◽  
Banana Tree ◽  
The One ◽  
Small Producers ◽  
Alternative Irrigation

ABSTRACT The banana tree is grown in an extensive tropical region throughout the world, usually by small producers. The present work had the objective of evaluating irrigation systems in banana production in the Açu-RN Valley, aiming at alternatives so that they can be recommended to farmers in the Açu Valley region. The experiment was carried out in the area of the School Farm of the IFRN Campus Ipanguaçu, located in the municipality of Ipanguaçu-RN. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with subdivided plots and eight replications. The irrigation systems were: irrigation, drip irrigation, micro sprinkler and alternative irrigation. The plots were composed of eight useful plants with spacing in double rows 4 x 2 x 2 m. Eight characteristics related to production were evaluated: bunch mass (MC); number of leaves (NP); number of fruits per cluster (NFC); mean mass of the leaves (MMP); diameter of the fruit of the second seed (DF2P); length of the fruit of the second seed (CF2P); mean fruit mass (MMF); productivity (Prod). The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability. In the first cycle of production the sprinkler irrigation system was the one that presented better results the productivity of the Pacovan banana tree; in the 3rd cycle the alternative irrigation system was the one that showed better results the productivity of the banana tree; where the electrical conductivity correlated with the sodium adsorption ratio in the irrigation water, contributed to a moderate limitation of use.

scholarly journals Crop rotation, green manure and nitrogen fertilizers in upland rice under no-tillage

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orivaldo Arf ◽  
José Roberto Portugal ◽  
Salatiér Buzetti ◽  
Ricardo Antônio Ferreira Rodrigues ◽  
Marco Eustáquio de Sá
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Brazilian Savannah ◽  
Corn Crop

ABSTRACT The Brazilian Savannah region presents a great potential for the expansion of upland rice crops. However, studies are necessary to identify practices that can improve the crop performance, especially in no-tillage systems. This study aimed to assess the effect of cover crops in association with corn on the development and yield of rice cultivated in rotation and cover fertilized with nitrogen doses. The sprinkler irrigation system was used and the experiment was developed in the 2014/2015 and 2016/2017 harvest years, using a randomized block design, in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of the crop remains combinations of single corn crop, corn + Crotalaria spectabilis, corn + pigeon pea, corn + jack bean and corn + Urochloa ruziziensis, as well as cover nitrogen doses (0 kg ha-1, 40 kg ha-1, 80 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1) in the rice. The cultivation of upland rice in rotation with corn + pigeon pea was favored by the greater soil cover and nitrogen supply via cycling, if compared to the rotation with single corn crop. The intercropped corn + pigeon pea cultivation in the previous summer resulted in a 15 % increase in the yield of rice grains seeded in the rotation, when compared to the single corn crop. The cover nitrogen application positively influenced the grain yield with the maximum estimated doses of 46 kg ha-1 and 105 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, respectively in the 2014/2015 and 2016/2017 harvest years.

scholarly journals Effect of mini-sprinkler irrigation system on Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) infective juvenile

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Lara ◽  
Cláudia Dolinski ◽  
Elias Fernandes de Sousa ◽  
Rogério Figueiredo Daher
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Infective Juvenile ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Search Capability

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are currently being used as successful biological control agents of soil-dwelling insect pests. Previous field and greenhouse studies demonstrated that application techniques and non-biotic factors (temperature and pressure) have a significant effect on EPNs efficacy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of an irrigation spray application system on the viability, infectivity and host search capability of Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) infective juveniles (IJ). Two assays were proposed. Their viability was evaluated under the microscope after the IJ passed through the irrigation system. Infectivity on Galleria mellonella larvae, and host search capability, as evidenced by larval mortality, were evaluated in containers (Experiment 1). In the field (Experiment 2), mortality of G. mellonella larvae was evaluated under different nematode concentrations (0, 100,000, 300,000 and 500,000 IJ per tree). No differences were recorded on the viability, infectivity and host search capability of the IJ in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, differences were recorded among the different concentrations used (p < 0.05), and a higher mortality was observed at the highest nematode concentration (28.3% and 37% in each one of the two experiment repetitions). This irrigation system did not affected adversely the viability, infectivity and host search capability of H. baujardi LPP7.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Different Irrigation System for Cotton Crop in District Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yousaf Ali
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Day By Day

The biggest responsibility of agriculture department is to produce food and cloth for huge population using the resource getting limited day by day. Water scarcity is most threatening among these limiting factors. New techniques are being developed day by day to utilize the water efficiently. Application of water only in the plant root zone will be one of the water saving technique to grow crops. This will control the losses due to evaporation and leaching. Irrigation to soil does not control the climate variables and precipitation cannot be substituted to irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation could be one of the way to utilize the water efficiently by in time application and reducing the losses of leaching and evaporation along with amelioration of micro climate of the crop. Canals and tube well water is conventionally given to crop through flood irrigation. These fields are in direct threat of evaporation and leaching resulting in excess water losses and damaging the soil quality. The study was designed taking cotton as experimental crop to calculate comparisons in plant growth parameters and yields along with water saving ability of different irrigation system. Maximum yield was obtained from sprinkler irrigation and water was saved under drip irrigation system.

scholarly journals Irrigation network design and reconstruction and its analysis by simulation model

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Milan Čistý ◽  
Zbynek Bajtek ◽  
Anna Becová
Keyword(s):  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Harmony Search ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Harmony Search Algorithm ◽  
Pipe Network ◽  
Linear Programming Method ◽  
Irrigation Network ◽  
Network Rehabilitation

Abstract There are many problems related to pipe network rehabilitation, the main one being how to provide an increase in the hydraulic capacity of a system. Because of its complexity the conventional optimizations techniques are poorly suited for solving this task. In recent years some successful attempts to apply modern heuristic methods to this problem have been published. The main part of the paper deals with applying such technique, namely the harmony search methodology, to network rehabilitation optimization considering both technical and economic aspects of the problem. A case study of the sprinkler irrigation system is presented in detail. Two alternatives of the rehabilitation design are compared. The modified linear programming method is used first with new diameters proposed in the existing network so it could satisfy the increased demand conditions with the unchanged topology. This solution is contrasted to the looped one obtained using a harmony search algorithm

Analysing the relationship of CO2 and O2 concentrations and flux patterns in forest soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Gartiser ◽  
Verena Lang ◽  
Martin Maier
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Relationship Of

&lt;p&gt;Soils act as bioreactors for the production and consumption of different gases. CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is usually produced in soils due to the oxidation of organic material. Under aerobic conditions, this production is coupled to a consumption of O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; resulting in concentration profiles that increase with depth for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and decrease for O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. Depending on the organic material present, the exchange of O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is approximately equimolar in well aerated soils. This can be deduced from vertical gradients of both gases which should reflect the ratio of their diffusion coefficient (Massmann 1998). The ratio between the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; flux is often called the respiratory coefficient. However, certain soil types or conditions may invoke anaerobe processes that may lead to a decoupling of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; production and O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; consumption. Such a decoupling can also result from oxidation of minerals or dissolution and relocation of carbonates.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here we present long-term data of soil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations from forest sites in South West Germany. Gas samples were collected passively starting 1998 until now using permanently installed gas wells at different depths. The samples were then analysed using gas chromatography for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (and additionally N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Ar, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, and C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes were calculated using the gradient approach (Maier et al 2020). At sites with well aerated soils, the observed CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes followed a clear linear relationship, with high effluxes of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; corresponding to high influxes of O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. The exchange was furthermore approximately equimolar with the calculated fluxes following a -1:1 trend.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We will compare these data from well aerated soils to concentration data of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; from less well-aerated soils with temporally suboxic conditions to further analyse the respiratory coefficient under oxygen limited conditions. Furthermore, diffusion-coefficient-normalised gradients are calculated to obtain information about the stoichiometry of the production and consumption patterns involved.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Literature:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Maier M, Gartiser V, Schengel A, Lang V. Long Term Soil Gas Monitoring as Tool to Understand Soil Processes. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(23):8653.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Massman, W J. A review of the molecular diffusivities of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, CO, O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, NO, and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in air, O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; near STP. Atmospheric Environment 1998; 32(6), 1111&amp;#8211;1127&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

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