Reindeer Population as an Indicator of Sustainable Development of the Arctic Territory

The objectives of this study are to carry out genetic monitoring of domestic reindeer of Nenets breed raised on the territory of Taimyr; establishment of the genetic bank of domestic reindeer of Nenets breed; as well as a comparative analysis with populations of the Nenets breed from other breeding regions (Nenets and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Murmansk Oblast and the Komi Republic) using DNA markers. The microsatellites were used in the studies as DNA markers of genetic diversity. Genotyping was carried out by the methods of the Laboratory of molecular selection basis of L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry. Statistical data processing was performed using the GenAlEx 6.5, SplitsTree 4.14.5 software, as well as the software packages “diveRsity”, “pophelper”, and “adegenet” for the R computing environment. As a result of the study, it was found that the population of reindeer of Taimyr breed in the village of Tukhard is characterised by the minimum level of polymorphism and genetic diversity, as indicated by the minimum values of all population genetic indicators. The authors assume that the patterns that have been identified are primarily the result of breeding programmes on the samples presented in this study (such studies have not been conducted before). The results of the PCA analysis and the phylogenetic dendrogram of genetic relationships, built on the basis of the matrix of Jost's D pairwise genetic distances using the NeighborNet, revealed a similar genetic structure of Taimyr populations, which, most likely, could be due to the close geographical localisation of the studied individuals. The authors come to the conclusion that a low level of both allelic and genetic diversity in the future may negatively affect the adaptation of animals to environmental conditions.

Natural Resource Potential of Industrial Development of The Tashkent Economic District

The key factors in the production development and location, including industrial production, in any region, are the territorial structure of natural resources and the level of production infrastructure development. At present, the industry is one of the leading sectors of the developed countries' economy. Therefore, the Government of Uzbekistan, from the first days of state independence, prioritises the industry development, its modernisation and diversification when reforming the national economy. Due to this, over the past ten years, the industrial production share in the country's GDP has grown significantly and amounts to almost 1/3 of it. However, the participation of regions in gross industrial output is very uneven, and a number of them, in the presence of high natural resource potential, still retain agricultural specialisation. The paper presents an economic and geographical analysis of natural resources as a factor of industrial development in the Tashkent economic district. The general characteristic of mineral and raw material balance of the Tashkent region in the context of administrative districts (rural areas) is given. The paper describes the current development state of the territorial and sectoral structure of the Tashkent region and Tashkent city. The study analyses reserves and the involvement level of mineral resources in the context of administrative districts. The authors of this paper considered the issues and prospects of territorial and sectoral structure establishment and development in Tashkent economic district industry.

Relationship Between Economic Growth and Environmental Pressures (Legal Aspects)

The problem of the impact of economic development of the world on the state of the environment is quite relevant today. Entrepreneurs usually defend their private interests and try to increase profits in every possible way, without caring about the state of the environment and the future. If in the economically developed countries of the world the government is trying hard to control compliance with environmental legislation and implement a green economy, Ukraine is hopelessly behind, and only in recent years is beginning to actively think about preserving the environment and develop mechanisms to achieve this goal. It is important to explore how the legal aspect can help address the balance between Ukraine's economic development and environmental quality, especially in terms of its impact on climate change, where air pollution, waste generation and energy security are key factors. The purpose of the study was to investigate the legal aspect of the interrelation between economic growth and environmental pressures. As a result, the world experience in finding ways of mutually beneficial activities for the economic development of countries and the preservation of the environment was analysed. The study examined the factors influencing climate change, waste generation and energy security in the projection of economic development. The main principles (strategy) of the state ecological policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030 are analysed; regulations of Ukraine and the European Union, which regulate the preservation of the environment in terms of the legal effect on solving the problem of the interrelation between economic growth and pressure on the environment.

Historical Forms of Tourism Gradual Transnationalization and the Perpetuum Mobile Behind it

Over the past 70 years, tourism has always been at the forefront of business transnationalization, as it has consistently used all the advantages of the transnational production and distribution system, thereby creating additional competitive advantages on a truly global scale. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evolution of the international travel market, as well as to identify a number of historical stages of its development, which the market has passed on the way to establishing strong international relations and interaction. In this article, transnationalization is defined as a modern form of organizing tourism and hotel business. It was proposed directly by entrepreneurs as one of the possible solutions to classic market problems (including limited demand and factors of production). These market problems intensified in the second half of the last century, and all of them directly influenced the development of tourism. The study analyzed the driving forces of transnationalization of the tourism and hospitality sectors, taking into account the economic effect of the synergy of transnationalization. Expansion of tourist activities of the sectoral transnational corporations along with their gradual transformation into influential subject of the world economy. All of the considered in the article synergy effects from tourist business transnationalization have nearly simultaneous impact on the process of tourist services’ production.

Features of the Organisation of Rooting Cuttings of Decorative Woody Plants Under Artificial Lighting with Led Equipment

Obtaining a technology for rooting cuttings and standard seedlings of decorative woody plants under artificial lighting conditions is relevant in connection with the need to increase the amount of planting material required for green building. Currently, cuttings are carried out mainly in greenhouses during the growing season. The development of technology for rooting cuttings using lamps with different lighting parameters opens up the possibility of creating installations that are effective in various conditions. In the course of the study, organisational and technological measures were taken to modernise the greenhouse and install equipment for growing planting material of decorative plants. In accordance with the plan to study the characteristics of various crops using the technology of dynamic regulation of the spectral composition and temporal characteristics of LED lighting in a greenhouse, an assortment of decorative tree species has been developed. Heated greenhouses are equipped with automatic irrigation hotbeds. Cutting of coniferous, deciduous, fast- and slow-growing species of decorative woody plants (7 species and 3 cultivars in total) was carried out. Rooting was carried out under illumination with batch-type LED installations. The success of rooting is studied when using LEDs of various production, with different spectral composition and varying illumination intensity during year-round cultivation. The findings are necessary not only for the development of a regional technology for the year-round production of rooted cuttings of decorative woody plants, but also for the development of the engineering specifics of lighting equipment.

Determinants of the Innovative and Investment Development of Agriculture

The article considers the conditions for the formation of determinants of innovative-investment development of agriculture. A systematic approach to the development of agriculture in a single integration space of intersectoral cooperation and state support through the introduction of effective innovative and investment determinants, which form the criteria of investment attractiveness of economic entities and provide conditions for innovation in production and technological process, is implemented. The levels of innovative and investment development of agriculture are structured. Determinants of innovative and investment development of agriculture and indicators of its estimation are offered. A comprehensive methodological approach to financing innovative and investment projects with state guarantees to potential investors to obtain additional value from the introduction of scientific development in the technological cycle of agricultural production, taking into account economic, social, budgetary, environmental, resource, intellectual, scientific and technical components of innovative and investment processes proposed. It is recommended to evaluate the effectiveness of the introduction of innovations in agriculture by an integrated indicator with the ratio of effects (results) and costs by certain components. Scientific organizations by sectors of activity, which include development in innovative and investment development of agriculture of Ukraine, are analysed. An assessment of innovative and investment activity of Ukrainian producers with the distribution of the average number of employees in agriculture is carried out. The share of expenditures on research and development on agricultural development in the gross domestic product (GDP) of EU-28 countries and Ukraine is determined. The calculation of priority factors of external and internal environment of influence on the efficiency of innovative and investment development of the animal husbandry industry is carried out. The forecast values of functional risks and the level of efficiency of innovative and investment development of the animal husbandry industry of Ukraine are determined.

Mechanisms for the Development of the Agricultural Sector in the Economic Security of the State

The article explored the problems of formation and improvement of mechanisms to ensure the development of the agricultural sector in the state's economic security system. It has been found that today socio-economic transformations actualize the urgent need to improve scientific and methodological research and development on the creation and implementation of an effective state agrarian policy, as well as the development of innovative management decisions to ensure and accelerate the development of the agricultural sector to strengthen the general economic security system of Ukraine. Approaches to the definition of the category “economic security of the state” were summarized and a refined definition was provided. A universal and effective mechanism for ensuring the development of the agricultural sector in the system of economic security of the state has been developed, the functioning of which, in turn, is directly dependent on internal and external destabilizing factors and will be based on the improvement of three interconnected mechanisms: strengthening the food security of the state; increasing investment attractiveness by introducing an innovative component; optimization of agricultural sector financial support. The differences and interrelationships of the types of destabilizing factors affecting the economic security of the agricultural sector were analyzed and it was concluded that all these factors can both negatively affect the entire economic security system in the agricultural sector and be areas of constant improvement. Block proposals for strengthening the food security of the state are described. It has been proved that to be able to develop and implement these innovative methods requires significant investment injections from both the state and Ukrainian investors, as well as external investments on favorable conditions for agricultural sector entities. Proposals on optimization of financial support of the agricultural sector in the changing conditions of the present are presented.The article explored the problems of formation and improvement of mechanisms to ensure the development of the agricultural sector in the state's economic security system. It has been found that today socio-economic transformations actualize the urgent need to improve scientific and methodological research and development on the creation and implementation of an effective state agrarian policy, as well as the development of innovative management decisions to ensure and accelerate the development of the agricultural sector to strengthen the general economic security system of Ukraine. Approaches to the definition of the category “economic security of the state” were summarized and a refined definition was provided. A universal and effective mechanism for ensuring the development of the agricultural sector in the system of economic security of the state has been developed, the functioning of which, in turn, is directly dependent on internal and external destabilizing factors and will be based on the improvement of three interconnected mechanisms: strengthening the food security of the state; increasing investment attractiveness by introducing an innovative component; optimization of agricultural sector financial support. The differences and interrelationships of the types of destabilizing factors affecting the economic security of the agricultural sector were analyzed and it was concluded that all these factors can both negatively affect the entire economic security system in the agricultural sector and be areas of constant improvement. Block proposals for strengthening the food security of the state are described. It has been proved that to be able to develop and implement these innovative methods requires significant investment injections from both the state and Ukrainian investors, as well as external investments on favorable conditions for agricultural sector entities. Proposals on optimization of financial support of the agricultural sector in the changing conditions of the present are presented.

Ijara as an Innovative Product in Agricultural Financing

The relevance of the study is due to the necessity to solve the problems of agricultural lending in the Kyrgyz Republic. The problems of financing and lending to agriculture are still urgent in the Kyrgyz Republic, therefore, specific financial instruments of Islamic banking, which are highly appreciated in the practise of other countries, are well suited for project financing, work in conditions of high uncertainty characteristic of agriculture in the Kyrgyz Republic. The purpose of the study was to identify alternative loan products for agricultural economic entities based on Islamic principles of financing in the Kyrgyz Republic. Research objectives: to provide brief information on the current state in the field of agricultural lending; give brief information on the development of Islamic principles of lending in the Kyrgyz Republic; define the concept and classification of Islamic banking instruments in agriculture; define the financial instrument “Ijara” and identify its advantages. Research methods: methods of the empirical level (studying of literature and other sources of information, observation, comparison), methods of the theoretical level (study and generalisation, analysis and synthesis). In the process of writing this article, Islamic banking instruments have been reviewed and classified. The concept of Ijara contract was considered, new modern technologies in the field of Islamic banking were investigated. The main distinctive principles of Islamic banking from the Western model of financial leasing were analysed. The credit history of agriculture and forestry of the Kyrgyz Republic was analysed.

Public Model of Intellectual Property Management for AR4D-Systems (Agricultural Research for Development)

The paper attempts to define the trends of the intellectual property (ІР) management in the framework of an agrarian economy. The object of the investigation are the controversies of intellectual property relations in the systems of agricultural research for development (AR4D-systems) that testify to the difficulties in ІР management. Taking into account a global trend of changing the correlation of private and public interests to the benefit of the latter in terms of managing intellectual property in AR4D-systems, the paper aims to develop a comprehensive model of intellectual property public management (that guarantees fair balance of interests) and to clarify how to evaluate the integral efficiency of such model. The theoretical basis of the study were existing analytical investigations of the intellectual property policies (conventional policy standard; open innovation policy; mixed policies of combining intellectual property rights regimes). The main obtained result of the study is a general concept of the comprehensive model of intellectual property public management for the AR4D systems based on 5 managing clusters. The integral efficiency monitoring of the proposed model was tested on the example of Ukraine with the help of the methods of multicriteria optimization of the vector criterion. The results show that the integral efficiency of the Ukrainian model is higher than average, but it can be increased by improving the tools of the information and communication support cluster and the cluster of organizational and technical assistance and capacity building such as the availability of the mobilization fund, the availability of the specialized electronic credit and investment platforms, the level of awareness of the users, the number of users of the system's electronic services. The practical value of the obtained results is their strategic impact on a sustainable development policy.

Ensuring the Marketing Activities of Agricultural Enterprises: Strategic and Tactical Decisions

The strategy of agricultural enterprises is transformed under the influence of external requirements. Limited opportunities for agricultural enterprises to adapt to harsh economic and environmental conditions, especially in developing countries, determine strategic opportunities and decisions. The purpose of an article was to study the features of the strategy and tactics of marketing activities of agricultural enterprises to identify their effectiveness in order to support the development of activities. The methodology is based on the theory of strategic decision-making and the concept of sustainable agriculture to identify the effectiveness of strategies and tactics of marketing activities of agricultural firms in Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia. The results show a low level of strategic orientation of rural enterprises. State support does little effort to stimulate differentiation and niche specialization of agricultural producers, as evidenced by the constant dynamics of agricultural production. Investing in physical assets is the most effective tool to support the agricultural sector. Cooperation and collaboration among enterprises is not widespread and single-owner farming is the most common organizational form in the agricultural sector. Producers' pricing policies remain stable and depend on market conditions: product prices fluctuated slightly. The practical value of the results lies in taking into account the identified effective ways of state support for agricultural producers in promoting the strategy of differentiation of agricultural products.